Vol. 54 OCTOBER 1978 No. 4
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
TILLEY — Some Larvae of Diamesinae and Podonominae, Chironomidae from the Brooks Range (DiNtelalmvay.2 eve en veer me tate. eRe oc MR), Seeseres JANSSON — A New Species of Callicorixa from Northwestern North America (Heteroptera, COnXIG AG te lr nerrt rR ert ondloiee. em cin RO. sag ce RE OL BAG, Goes DREA — Inability of Young Chilocorus Larvae to Attack the Mature Stage of the Latania Scale (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ........ 0... cece eee eens DEYRUP and GARA — Insects Associated with Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in Western Wi SIIMOLON Ma Seige oe tah es, enon aren 2 ie ate te a ens ee GROGAN and WIRTH — Notiohelea, A New Genus of Biting Midges of the Tribe Ceratopogonini from Chile (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ......................405. BARR — Taxonomy of the New Clerid Genus Bogcia from Mexico (Coleoptera) ........... ADAMS — A New Species of Hypochrysa and a New Subgenus and Species of Mallada (NeuropteraxChirySopidae) sj... ya) hence cele. Sokubae conn MMA ods ea tate we aa THOMPSON — A New Pterallastes species from China (Diptera: Syrphidae) ............. ALLEN and CHAO — Mayflies of the Southwest: New Species and Records of Dactylobaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) .......... 0. ccc eee eens HARTMAN, SURFLEET, and HYNES — Aggregation Pheromone in the Larvae of Tipula simplex Doane: Mode of Action and Site of Production (Diptera: Tipulidae) ........ ALLEN and CHAO — Mayflies of the Southwest: New Species and Records of HeptageniidactEphemMenopleraimes... . a. «celts cee dnaed floes cenye ewan vate eee ees GOLLOB — A Laboratory Technique for Producing Egg Masses of Douglas-fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), for Field Studies (Lepidoptera: VATU G he Stieer ling © cS RN! CRP ne ec ne ieee Col ee I ES oi Ph, EO GRIM and SLOBODCHIKOFF — Chorion Surface Features of Some Spider Eggs ..........
CHANDLER — A New Species of Mipsel/tyrus from California (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) ... CORRECTION
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA e 1978
Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
EDITORIAL BOARD T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Edjitors
P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E.G. Linsley
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OFFICERS FOR 1978
John R. Anderson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer John T. Doyen, President-Elect Larry C. Bezark, Secretary
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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Vol. 54 OCTOBER 1978 No. 4
Some Larvae of Diamesinae and Podonominae, Chironomidae from the Brooks Range, Alaska, with Provisional Key
(Diptera)
Larry J. Tilley
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025
Reconnaissance samples of benthic invertebrates from two arctic- alpine streams, the Dietrich and Atigun Rivers, Alaska were dominated by larvae of Chironomidae (Slack and others, 1977, and unpub. data, 1977). In both rivers the headwaters were dominated by the chironomid subfamily Diamesinae which was replaced in abun- dance by the subfamily Orthocladiinae downstream. Although chironomids are known for their abundance in arctic freshwaters (Downes, 1962, 1964, Hobbie, 1978) little taxonomic information is available for Alaska. The present report describes and provides a key for the larvae of twelve Diamesinae taxa and a single representative of the subfamily Podonominae.
The Atigun River flows northward and the Dietrich River flows southward from the Continental Divide in the Brooks Range (Fig. 1). The trans-Alaska pipeline corridor traverses both drainage basins, but the collections on which this study is based were made in August 1971 before pipeline and road construction was initiated.
Methodology
Samples were preserved in 40 percent isopropyl! alcohol when collected, and were later separated in the laboratory from detritus by sugar floatation (Anderson, 1959). The introductory keys for chironomid larvae prepared by Mason (1973) and Beck (1968) were most useful since they indicated the morphological characters of greatest value in the separation of species. Other helpful keys were those of Johannsen (1937), Chernovskii (1949), Roback (1957) and Pankratova (1970, in Russian).
The chironomid larvae were first sorted into visually distinct groups. A sample from each group was prepared for microscopic
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:241-260 October 1978
242 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
170° 166° 162° 158° 154° 150° 146° 142° 138° 134° 130°
ALASKA
Prudhoe Bay
ATIGUN RIVER [baanien OF DIETRICH RIVER J STUDY AREA
|
RIVER \
yUKON
*Fairbanks
°*Mt McKinley
f Anchorgge i Valdez
Va
170° 166° 162° 158° 154° 150° 146° 142° 138° 134°
QO 100 200 KILOMETERS lui} _J
Fig. 1., Map of Alaska showing location of Dietrich and Atigun River basins.
examination by bleaching in hot 10 percent KOH (potassium hydrox- ide) solution, to dissolve soft body tissues. Each specimen was then placed ventral side up on aglass slide in CMC-10' mounting medium and pressed under a 12 mm diameter coverslip (Greeson, and others, 1977). The illustrations are tracings from Polaroid photomicrographs. The heavy backing of the Polaroid paper was carefully peeled from the prints and the insect parts traced using a light table. Measure- ments were made to the nearest micrometer with a calibrated Whipple disc grid in the ocular of alight compound microscope.
Observations and measurements of the following larval character- istics were used to separate taxa: 1. Antenna: length of each segment, ratio of length of first segment to its width (“ALAW’’), length of first segment to that of remaining four segments (‘‘AR’’). 2. Labial plate: relative size, shape, and length of midtooth or mid- teeth; bifurcation of midtooth or number of midteeth; relationship of size, width, or length of first pair of lateral teeth to midtooth or mid- teeth, and total number of pairs of lateral teeth. 3. Mandibles: number of teeth and their relative size distribution. 4. Premandibles: number of digits, their relative size and appearance. 5. Preanal papillae: presence or absence, length versus width. 6. Preanal papillar bristles: length, number, and location.
‘Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey nor recommendation for use.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 243
PREMANDIBLE 73 \-MANDIBLE , LABIAL PLATE ay STRIATED er eee PARALABIAL PLATE ANTENNA
ANTENNAL MANDIBLE 5 S0um. BLADES
aq ANNULATE 3rd ANTENNAL
LINGUA SEGMENT 1st ANTENNAL
SEGMENT
ANNULAR
D~ ORGAN MANDIBLE Oum* DIAMESA ANTENNA
BEARDED PARALABIAL PLATE
Fig. 2., Head capsule structures (ventral view) used in the identification of larval Chironomidae. (A) Tanypodinae, (B) Chironominae, (C) combined Orthocladiinae and Diamesinae, (D) antenna of Diamesa /atitarsis (var. 1) to scale.
Instars were estimated using sizes of various morphological features, including body length, head capsule length, and width and length of first antennal segments. In order to show some variability of the averages, standard deviations are reported using the symbol “S.D.”. Specimens with conspicuously swollen thoracic areas were considered to be fourth (last) instars.
Key to the common subfamilies of chironomid larvae and to the genera of some Diamesinae and a Podonominae from reconnaissance samples, Dietrich and Atigun Rivers, Brooks Range, Alaska, August 1971
1. Head capsule with fork-shaped lingua; antennae long, retractile,
often 1/3 length of head or longer (Fig. 2A) ....... Tanypodinae Head capsule without fork-shaped lingua, labial plate present (Figs. 2B and 2C); antennae not retractile...................... 2
2. Premandible absent; preanal papillae at least 3 times longer than Vibe HSE 4 yrs. eS 5 canegeh Py aes Be ee ee Podonominae Trichotanypus (Kieffer) Edwards Alaska sp. |.
Premandibles present (Figs. 2B and 2C) ..............00c cece eens 3
3. Paralabial plates present, usually large, conspicuous and striated Ae ek)? errs ct epat thai Ate essen ee 3 de Bi ir che es «onlay Chironominae
Paralabial plates usually absent, if present paralabial plates with- out striations, although sometimes bearded (Fig. 2C)........ 4
244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
4. Third segment of antennae annulate (ringed) (Figs. 2C and 2D); pre- mandibles usually with more than three digits... Diamesinae 6 Third segment of antennae not annulate; premandibles usually with one or two and sometimes three digitS................ 5
5. Generally freshwater, occasionally terrestrial ................. 0.005. seals, Waste Wise thin Stet ck ee sad Orthocladiinae (exclusive of Clunionini) SOFIE TUPI sic oo ed aoe giv ae ore eek wh pttig op nsec teee wy ad iy grate x Ry ee ee Telmatogetoninae and the Orthocladiinae tribe Clunionini
6. Conspicuous bristles on body; labial plate with five midteeth he: a (2 Ane a a Pseudokiefferiella Lawrence Alaska sp. |. Bristles on body lacking; midteeth of labial plate otherwise .... 7
7. Premandibles with seven digits, beginning at apex and extending laterally down the premandible; labial plate with broad area in aelec Meagan sts (= 1 Adan cs Chi ec! oat ais o's ee oe pear ee wera nee, Cea wie
Bile ite a eh Oe vas 8 Syndiamesa orientalis Chernovskii Premandibles with more than one digit at apex of premandible (not
as above); labial plate with midteeth usually present ..........
pe a capes eats etl ee Salas Sin cg TE al Genus Diamesa Meigen, 8
8. Mandible with three large apical teeth and two small proximal (21 en i, Lee ee 5 ee oe Ge oo ee ee a, eee een 9 Mandible with fewer than three large apical teeth (with two large apical and three small proximal teeth, or one large apical tooth
and four small proximal teeth, or five teeth progressively smaller from apical tooth to proximal tooth)........... oer tan (i
9. Midtooth of labial plate distinctly bifid; first two pairs of lateral teeth of labial plate three times as long as the bifid midtooth; three digits on premandibles (Fig. 7)............. 000 eee eeee
Labial plate not as described above..................00005. 10 10.Preanal papillae absent; replaced by four bristles; bristles about 100 um in length (4th instar); up to seven digits on premandibles
dial 2 eh) VO ee ee ee en, ae | ee ee Soe
.. Diamesa Alaska sp. Il (near species ‘‘B’’ Colorado, Saether 1970) Preanal papillae absent; replaced by three to five short bristles, less than 30 um in length which may be difficult to locate; premandibles small, with six or seven digits (Fig. 8)...........
le gcc cite pa eG Meet eels! a ume be Diamesa steinbocki Goetghebuer 11.Midtooth of labial plate with V-shaped notch (not obvious on badly worn specimens); each mandible with one large and four small
Te UT Fal i) id ate jecinee W a, b os Diamesa cineriella Meigen Midtooth bifid or single (no V-shaped notch) ................ 12 12 Midtoothrotlabtial plate single U4. 10.24 o.> wGilen Dc we 13 Midtooth slightly bifid (Fig. 6) or bifid (Fig. 4)................ 14
13.Preanal papillae absent; four bristles about 150 um in length (fourth instar) at each papilla site (Fig. 5)......... 0.0... 0. eee eee ee yh ee ee dail ot cee Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) var. 2
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 245
Preanal papillae absent; four bristles greater than 220 um in length (fourth nstarat each papilla site (FIG. 9) von a5 5 tous eee ee a
14.Midtooth of labial-plate bitid (Fig. 4) 0... sn cca eee ccna wee es ee Oe ee Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) var. 1 dleiearoran@e libel aaiuid elite ieee qeneamne as Me ne eae igs ORane Sem As Ry aka 15 15.Height of midtooth of labial plate less than that of adjacent lateral teeth; mandible with two large and three small teeth; preanal papillar bristles short, usually less than 100 um long (Fig. 11) .. Diamesa Alaska sp. Ill (near species ‘‘G’’ Colorado, Saether 1970) Midtooth of labial plate highest, lateral teeth decreasing in size outwardly; midtooth slightly bifid (in worn specimens bifurca- tion may not show); preanal papillar bristles short, about 100 aM in length- (fourth Stan (AiG By cece loa eee ee ea ee ee wwe ere Be RRS te Bd te SRG, Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) var. 3
Diamesinae
Diamesa Meigen Larva, Pagast 1933, Meigen in Pankratova 1970.
Diamesa cineriella Meigen (Fig. 3) Larva, Johannsen 1905, jn Pankratova 1970.
Three instars determined; body length of largest instar (fourth) 6.5-10.5 mm (average 7.8 mm, n=12, $.D.= 1.80 mm); of intermediate instar (third) 2.4-4.0 mm (average 3.1 mm, n=16,S.D.=0.51 mm); and of smallest instar (second) 1.5-2.9 mm (average 2.2 mm, n=3, S.D.=0.70 mm). Head capsule of largest instar average 0.56 mm long and 0.40 mm wide (n=7, S.D.=0.73 and 0.051 mm); of intermediate instar, 0.36 mm long and 0.29 mm wide (n= 4, S.D.=0.043 and 0.025 mm); and of smallest instar 0.20 mm long and 0.15 mm wide (n= 1). Body color of preserved specimens white during the first few weeks of storage, after storage with leaf and other detritus, brown. Head capsules dark amber or dark brown, opaque or translucent.
Antennae of largest instar (fourth) (Fig. 3A). Distance from base of antennae to annular organ 3-4 um; antennal blades not illustrated. Length of antennal segments of largest instar (fourth) 52: 18: 10: 3: 3 um (n = 12: 12: 12: 12: 10, S.D. = 2.47: 1.96: 1.83: 1.08: 0.57 um); width of first segment 25 um (n= 12, S.D. = 1.14 pm); AR = 1.90, S.D. = 0.261; ALAW = 1.56, S.D.=0.196. Length of antennal segments of intermediate instar (third) 24: 13: 7: 2.5: 4 um (n=16: 14: 14: 14: 1: 4, $.D.=2.77: 3.0: 0.91: 0.51: 0.61 um); width of first segment 15 um (n=16, S.D.=1.40 pm); AR=1.57, S.D.=0.212, ALAW=0.91, $.D.=0.129. Length of antennal segments of smallest instar (second) 13: 12: 5: 2: 3: um (n=2); width of first segment 11 um (n = 2); AR = 0.59; ALAW = 1.2.
Labial plate (Fig. 3B) with midtooth about twice as wide as the first pair of laterals. The midtooth with conspicuous V-shaped notch in middle (not so evident in specimens with badly worn mouth parts). Nine lateral teeth to each side of midtooth of labial plate, making a total of 19 teeth. Usually, last lateral tooth poorly developed in smaller instars.
246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
160um 4 240um - f | [ + 120um- | [o) E 80umM- Cc OumL
oO
i A
| | ra ‘ if NG
Fig. 3., Diamesa cineriella Meigen. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) left premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
———
Mandibles (Fig. 3C) with five teeth, apical tooth largest and remaining four teeth sub- equal in size (specimens with badly worn mouth parts all five teeth may be equal). Pre- mandibles (Fig. 3D) with seven digits, most apical tooth largest and the most proximal tooth smallest (not usually present on smaller instars).
Preanal papillae absent, or nearly so. Preanal papillae replaced by four bristles (Fig. 3E); 236 um long (n=10, S.D. 19.2 um)on the largest instar (fourth); 144 um long (n=15, S.D.= 16.3 uym)on intermediate instar (third); and 90 um long (n= 2) on the smallest instar
(second).
Microscope slides were prepared for 180 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 32 specimens. A total of 550 specimens of D. cinceriella was estimated from 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 1) (Fig. 4). Larva, Hubault 1933, in Pankratova 1970.
Three insiars determined; body length of largest instar (fourth) 2.9-10.5 mm (average 5.0 mm, n=25, $.D.=1.22 mm); of intermediate instar (third) 2.3-6.0 mm (average 3.6 mm, n=17, S.D.=1.29 mm);and of smallest instar (second) 2.2 mm (n=1). Head capsule of largest instar average 0.43 mm long and 0.31 mm wide (n = 25, S.D. = 0.039 and 0.031 mm); of intermediate instar 0.32 mm long and 0.24 mm wide (n = 17, S.D. = 0.057 and 0.037 mm); and of smallest instar no measurements.
Body color of preserved specimens dark yellow to light brown, some with banded appearance (this occurred on many specimens of several taxa where that part of an over-
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 247
100um,-
A i EARLY INSTAR L NEW MOLT | Bi L A Cc SOum }- LATER INSTAR
NEW MOLT
j B2 | | Oum- ioe L Oume E
Fig 4., Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 1). (A) antenna, (B1) labial plate, new molt of an earlier instar, (B2) labial plate of a later instar, (C) left mandible, (D) left premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
lapping abdominal sclerite was darker than the remainder of the sclerite). Head capsule color dark brown or dark amber, some translucent.
Antennae (Figs. 2D and 4A) with two blades, both attached to distal end of first antennal segment. One blade longer and narrower than the other, about one-third length of fourth segment. Second blade as wide and as long as the second antennal segment with a shorter narrower extension extending from near the end of second segment to midpart of fourth segment. Length of antennal segments of largest instar (fourth) 36: 12: 8: 3: 3 um (n = 46: 42: 40: 40: 40, S.D. = 4.38: 1.53: 1.58: 0.88: 0.82 pm); width of first segment 16 um (n=46, S.D.=2.86 um); AR=1.32, S.D.=0.198; ALAW=2.19, S.D.=0.41. Length of antennal segments of intermediate instar (third) 23: 11: 7: 3: 3 um (nN =17: 14: 114: 11: 11, S.D.= 4.1: 1.62: 1.18: 1.0: 0.67 um); width of first segment 13 um (n=17, S.D.=2.37 um); AR=0.88, S.D.= 0.089; ALAW =1.82, S.D.=0.387. Length of antennal segments of smallest instar second 12: 12: 7: 3: 3 um (n= 4, S.D. = 3.56: 0.050: 0.10: 1.19: 1.35 um); width of first segment 10 um (n=4, S.D. 0.94 um); AR=0.45, $.D.=0.091; ALAW = 1.23, S.D. = 0.263.
Labial plate (Figs. 4B1, B2) with two equal midteeth on specimens not badly worn. Mid- teeth of older, more worn specimens with less detail. There are 11 pairs of lateral teeth on the labial plate.
Mandibles (Fig. 4C) when not badly worn, with two large apical teeth and three small proximal teeth. Teeth of badly worn specimens subequal or progressively smaller apical tooth to proximal tooth. Premandibles (Fig. 4D) with seven digits.
Preanal papillae absent. Preanal papillae replaced by four stout bristles (Fig. 46). Length of bristles range 75-140 um, average 105 pm long (n = 46, S.D. = 15.86 um) for the largest instar (fourth); range 50-110 um, average 86 um long (n= 17, S.D. = 17.34 um) forthe intermediate instar (third); and range 65-70 um, average 68 um long (n=4, S.D. = 2.89 um) for the smallest instar (second).
Microscope slides were prepared for 96 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 64 specimens. A total of 643 specimens of D. /atitarsis (var. 1) was estimated for the 36 samples at 12 sampling sites.
248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
120Hm- DAMAGED.~. Na
| RK coal | Bi [ and | A SHOWING WEAR |
60um- E [ B2 Om [ D
Oume
C
Fig. 5., Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 2). (A) antenna, (B1) labial plate with damaged midtooth, (B2) labial plate showing wear, (C) right mandible, (D) right premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 2) (Fig. 5).
One instar only (fourth) determined for this taxon; body length 2.7-7.3 mm (average 5.0 mm, n=31, S.D.=0.986 mm); head capsule 0.44 mm long and 0.32 mm wide, (n=31, S.D.=0.06 and 0.038 mm). Body color of preserved specimens white to gray, or after storage with leaf and other detritus, yellow. Head capsule color red-brown, yellow-brown, or dark brown.
Antennae (Fig. 5A) with two blades similar to those of D. /atitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 1) (see Fig. 4A and antennal section of same for description of the blades). Length of antennal segments 39: 13: 8: 3: 3 urn (n=60: 45: 44: 46: 46, S.D.=7.89: 1.98: 1.51: 0.70: 0.71 um); widtn of first antennal segment 18 um (n = 59, S.D. = 2.94 um); AR = 1.50, S.D. = 0.299; ALAW = 2.19.S.D.=0.431
Midtooth of labial plate (Figs. 5B1, B2) not bifid and slightly wider than the first pair of jateral teeth (the midtooth on most specimens observed was blunt from wear). Lateral teeth usually nine pairs, rarely ten pairs.
Mandibles (Fig. 5C), when not badly worn, with two large apical teeth and three small proximal teeth. When mandibular teeth were worn, which was normal for these specimens, the teeth became progressively smaller apical tooth to proximal tooth but tooth next to distal tooth always more robust than the others. Premandibles (Fig. 5D) with seven digits similar to D. /atitarsis var. 1 (Fig. 4D).
Preanal papillae absent. Preanal papillae replaced by four bristles (Fig. 5E). Bristles not as stout as in D. /atitarsis vars. 1 and 3 but longer, 157 um (n = 65, S.D. = 24.5 um).
Microscope slides were prepared for 71 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 59 specimens. A total of 363 specimens of D. /atitarsis (var. 2) was estimated for the 36 samples at 12 sampling sites.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 249
Diamesa latitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 3) (Fig. 6)
Two instars determined; body length of larger instar (fourth) 3.2-9.0 mm (average 5.8 mm, n=23, S.D.=1.39 mm); of smaller instar (third) 2.9-5.4 mm (average 4.5 mm, n=3, $.D.= 1.42 mm). Head capsule of larger instar (fourth) 0.48 mm long and 0.35 mm wide (n = 23, S.D.= 0.043 and 0.051 mm); for smaller specimen (third) 0.438 mm long and 0.35 mm wide (n = 2). Body color of preserved specimens variable, ranging from white, to banded and gray and as storage time increased, to dark gray or yellow; some specimens green. Head capsules amber to orange brown or dark brown.
First antennal segment (Fig. 6A) longest of the 3 D. /Jatitarsis varieties. Length of antennal segment of larger instar (fourth) 58: 13: 9: 3: 3 um (n=53: 51: 50: 50: 50, S.D.=6.71: 2.66: 1.76: 0.65: 0.69 » m); width of first seqment 22 um (n = 55, S.D. = 2.85 um); AR=2.00, $.D.=0.325; ALAW =2.73, S.D.=0.319. Length of antennal segments of smaller instar (third) 30: 11: 7: 3: 2 um (n = 5: 5: 4: 4: 4, S.D. = 4.88: 2.95: 1.26: 0.82: 0.50 um); width of first segment 14 um; (n = 5, S.D. = 0.837 um); AR = 1.29, S.D. = 0.276; ALAW = 2.22, S.D. = 0.430.
Labial plate (Fig. 6B) usually with midtooth slightly bifid. Many specimens were worn and bifurcation was not recognizable. Midtooth about one and one-half times wider than first pair of laterals. Ten pairs of lateral teeth present, but on some specimens last pair not easily seen.
Mandibles (Fig. 6C) with five teeth, apical three larger than proximal two but usually teeth progressively smaller apical tooth to proximal tooth. Premandibles (Fig. 6D) with seven digits and premandibles generally larger than those of D. /atitarsis (var. 1).
Preanal papillae absent, or nearly so. Preanal papillae replaced by four unusually stout bristles (Fig. 6E); 95 um long (n=65, S.D. = 13.16 um) on the larger instar (fourth); 85 um long (n=5, S.D. = 6.52 um) on the smaller instar (third).
Microscope slides were prepared for 72 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 25 specimens. A total of 241 specimens of D. /atitarsis (var. 3) was estimated for the 36 samples at 12 sampling sites.
100um - Sy.
| f :
B
r
50um- A | ; OumLe C
Fig. 6., Diamesa l/atitarsis (Goetghebuer) (var. 3). (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) right mandible, (D) left premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
290 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
180um L 90um+ 200um - [ D as ieee a OumL Oum
Fig. 7, Diamesa Alaska sp. |. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) right premandi- ble, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
Diamesa Alaska sp. |” (Fig. 7)
Two instars determined, whether the larger instar was third or fourth could not be deter- mined. Body length of larger instar (third or fourth) 2.8-5.1 mm (average 3.5 mm, n=66, S.D.=0.669 mm); and of smaller instar (second or third) 2.0-3.5 mm (average 2.5 mm, n=12, $.D.=0.45 mm). Head capsule of larger instar average 0.30 mm long and 0.23 mm wide (n =68, S.D. = 0.041 and 0.25 mm); of smaller instar 0.21 mm long and 0.15 mm wide (nN=11, $.D.=0.0337 and 0.211 mm). Body color of preserved specimens gray-white to yellow-white, some specimens with a green tinge. Head capsule dark brown to brown or tan. Dull colors result from longer storage with detritus.
Antennae of larger instar (Fig. 7A), distance from base of antenna to annular organ 6 um; two antennal blades, the larger blade attached at top of first segment and as long as midpart of third segment; smaller blade attached to end of second segment, and as long as midpart of fourth segment. Length of antennal segments of larger instar (third or fourth) 28: 14: 9: 3: 4 um (n=36: 32: 32: 32: 32: S.D.=3.40: 2.75: 1.08: 0.60: 0.75 um); width of first segment 13 um (n = 35, S.D. = 2.47 um); AR=0.95, S.D.= 0.141; ALAW = 2.20, S.D. = 0.456. Length of antennal segments of smaller instar (second or third) 16: 12: 8: 3: 4 um (n=4, §.D.=1.26: 0.50: 0.96: 0.50: 0.82 um); width of first segment 9 um (n=4, S.D. = 0.95 um); AR = 0.60, S.D. = 0.332; ALAW = 1.78, S.D. = 0.33.
Labial plate (Fig. 7B) is very distinct from other Diamesinae observed. Midteeth strongly bifid and about one-third length of much larger first and second pairs of lateral teeth. Nine pairs of lateral teeth present with the last pair not always observable on smaller instars.
Mandibles (Fig. 7C) with three larger apical teeth and two small proximal teeth. All five teeth on worn specimens and smaller instars nearly the same size. Premandibles (Fig. 7D) with three digits. The inner digit sometimes split along its inner margin, appearing feathered. All digits present on smaller instars.
? Diamesa Alaska sp. Ill, in Slack and others 1976, 1977, and written communication.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 251
Preanal papillae slight (Fig. 7E); seven bristles on larger instar (Fig. 7E) 200 um long (n = 70, S.D. = 27.1 um); on smaller instar 145 um long (n =7, S.D. = 24.0 um).
Microscope slides were prepared for 207 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 70 specimens. A total of 1,179 specimens of Diamesa Alaska sp. | was estimated for 36 samples at 12 sampling sites.
Diamesa steinbocki Goetghebuer (Fig. 8) Larva, Theinemann and Mayer 1933, in Pankratova 1970
Two instars determined; body length of larger instar (fourth) 3.2-9.0 mm (average 5.5 mm, n=21, S.D.=1.28 mm); and smaller instar (third) 3.0 mm (n=2). Head capsule of larger instar 0.43 mm long and 0.31 mm wide (n = 8, S.D. = 0.059 and 0.036 mm); of smaller instar, 0.26 mm long and 0.26 mm wide (n=1). Body color of preserved specimens dark gray to yellow-brown, sometimes banded. Head capsule dark brown.
Antennae (Fig. 8A) with two antennal blades, one slender attached to first segment and about as long as end of remaining segments. The second, much smaller blade, is attached to second segment and is as long as midpart of fourth segment. The largest annular organ (Fig. 8A) was 5 um from base of first antennal segment. Length of antennal segments of larger instar (fourth) 39: 11: 7: 3: 3 um (n = 21: 16: 16: 14: 14, S.D.= 4.15: 1.80: 1.50: 0.91: 0.70 um). (The second segment appeared to overlap the third segment in some specimens, and only part of the third segment above the second segment was measured. The average length of third segment may be greater.) Width of first segment 17 um (n = 21, S.D. = 1.79 um); AR = 1.50; S.D. = 0.215; ALAW = 2.25, S.D. =0.195. Length of antennal seg- ments of smaller instar (third) 23: 10: 7: 2: 2 um (n = 1). Width of first segment 12 um (n = 1); AR = 1.10; and ALAW = 1.92.
Labial plate (Fig. 7B) with an even number of teeth, middle 4 teeth nearly always equal in size and about as long as adjacent lateral teeth. First laterals usually slightly larger
160um - 3 fe _ ° oO
L A
80um- C Oum- £
Oum*
Fig. 8., Diamesa steinbocki Goetghebuer. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) right mandible, (D) left premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
252 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
than two midteeth. Nine pairs of lateral teeth present. Midteeth on specimens with worn mouth parts with very little detail, and usually only seven to eight pairs of lateral teeth visible.
Mandibles (Fig. 8C) with five teeth, three apical teeth large and two proximal teeth much smaller. Three apical teeth of worn specimens show much more wear than the last two as in Diamesa Alaska sp. | (Fig. 7C). Premandibles (Fig. 8D) with six digits (sometimes seven), last two or three digits much smaller than the other four. Premandibles on D. steinbocki smaller than the other Diamesa taken in these samples except for Diamesa Alaska sp. |.
Preanal papillae absent; bristles at papillae sites very small and easily missed. There are three or four shorter bristles (Fig. 8E) 15 to 20 um long and one longer bristle 20 to 30 um long.
Microscope slides were prepared for 31 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 20 specimens. A total of 144 specimens of D. steinbock/ was estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
Diamesa nivoriunda Fitch (Fig. 9) Larva, Johannsen (1937)
Three instars determined; body length of largest instar (fourth) 4.8-8.0 mm (average 6.2 mm, n=18, S.D.=1.41 mm); of intermediate instar (third) 3.15-4.2 mm (average 3.5 mm, n=4, S.D.=0.51 mm). One specimen 1.8 mm long was considered a smaller instar (second). Head capsule of largest instar average 0.54 mm long and 0.37 mm wide (n= 18, S.D. = 0.068 and 0.045 mm); of intermediate instar, 0.38 mm long and 0.27 mm wide (n= 4, S.D. = 0.029 and 0.032 mm); and of smallest instar 0.15 mm long and 0.12 mm wide (n= 1).
160um -
80um |- 200um r D 100um
[
Oume Oum
Fig. 9., Diamesa nivoriunda Fitch. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) rignt mandible, (D) right premandible, (E) papillar bristles.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 293
Body color of preserved specimens ranged from dull white, or green-white, to gray. Head capsule dark yellow-brown to light brown.
Antennae (Fig. 9A) with two blades, one branched with longer branch as long as end of fourth segment and smaller branch as long as one-third length of third segment. Second blade short, attached to end of second segment and as long as end of fourth segment. Bottom of annular organ 6 um from base of first antennal segment. Length of antennal segments of largest instar (fourth) 48: 15: 8: 3: 3 um (n = 69: 62: 61: 61: 61, S.D. = 7.0: 2.69: 1.44: 0.67: 0.65 pm); and width of first segment 21 um (n =69, S.D. = 2.52 um); AR = 1.67, S.D.=0.192; ALAW = 2.32, S.D. = 0.383. Length of antennal segments of intermediate instar (third) 23: 14: 7: 2: 4 um (n=4, S.D.=2.22: 1.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.82 um); width of first segment 15 pm (n=4, S.D.=0.50 um); AR = 0.84, S.D. = 0.051; ALAW = 1.52, S.D. = 0.130. The single small specimen had damaged antennae thus no measurements possible.
Labial plate (Fig. 9B) with single midtooth only slightly larger than first laterals; mid- tooth rarely slightly divided. Nine pairs of lateral teeth.
Mandibles (Fig. 9C) very similar to those of D. cineriella with first, most apical tooth largest and remaining four proximal teeth progressively smaller. (However, in D. nivoriunda the second tooth appears somewhat wider and larger:than on D. cineriella mandibles.) Premandibles (Fig. 9D) with seven digits similar to those of D. cineriella (Fig. 3D) but generally more slender.
Preanal papillae absent. Preanal papillae replaced by four bristles (Fig. 9E) 230 um long (n=68, S.D.=32.4 um) on the largest instar (fourth); bristles 160 um long (n=4, S.D. = 15.48 pm) on intermediate instar (third). D. nivoriunda bristles weaker, not as wide or as still as other bristles, such as those of D. cineriella.
Microscope slides were prepared for 98 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 68 specimens. A total of 315 D. nivoriunda was estimated for the 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
Diamesa Alaska sp. II (near sp. B. Colorado; Saether, 1970), (Fig. 10)
Two instars determined; body length of largest instar (fourth) 4.2-7.0 mm (average 5.3 mm, n=9, S.D.=0.87 mm); and of smaller instar (third) 2.6-3.5 (average 3.2 mm, n=3, S.D.=0.520 mm). Head capsule of largest instar 0.43 mm long and 0.30 mm wide (n= 9, S.D.=0.5 and 0.56 mm); and of smaller instar 0.34 mm long and 0.23 mm wide (n=3, S.D.=0.06 and 0.065 mm). Most specimens observed were old with badly worn parts. Body color of preserved larger specimens white to gray, smaller specimens were varied usually yellow-brown or yellow-green.
Antennae (Fig. 10A) distance from base of first antennal segment to bottom of annular organ 4 um. Two antennal blades (Fig. 10A), one arising from first antennal segment, larger than the other segment, and divided, with longer division as long as midpart of fourth segment and shorter division (possibly damaged on this specimen) as long as midpart of second segment. Second blade smaller, attached to end of second segment and as long as end of fourth segment. Length of antennal segments of largest instar (fourth) 40: 12: 9: 4: 3 um (n = 20: 18: 16: 16: 16, S.D. = 5.42: 1.78: 1.51: 0.91: 0.50 um); width of first segment 18 um (n=18, S.D.=1.95 wm); AR=1.47, S.D.=0.186; ALAW = 2.22, S.D. = 0.336. Length of antennal segments of next instar (third) 22: 13: 5: 3: 3 um (n = 2: 1: 1: 1: 1); width of first antennal segment 14 um (n = 2); AR = 0.92; ALAW = 1.59.
Labial plate (Fig. 10B) with midtooth bifid, when worn bifurcation not evident. First and second lateral teeth larger than midtooth and all about the same length. Nine pairs of lateral teeth. Labial plate and mandibles similar to those of D. steinbocki (Fig. 8).
Mandibles (Fig. 10C) with three large apical teeth and two small proximal teeth. When worn, all teeth appear same size. Premandibles (Fig. 10D) with seven digits. Often the last
204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
100um
“1 D aN [
APPROXIMATE
Oum E
Oum
Fig. 10, Diamesa Alaska sp. || (near sp. B. Colorado, Saether, 1970). (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) right premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
digit cannot be seen as was the case for this group of specimens.
Preanal papillae absent. Preanal papillae replaced by four bristles (Fig. 10E) 100 pm long (n= 29, S.D.= 24.8 um) on largest instar. On smallest instar bristles 73 um long (n=32, $.D.=2.89 um).
Microscope slides were prepared for 35 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 22 specimens. A total of 138 specimens of Diamesa Alaska sp. Il (near sp. B. Colorado) was estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
Diamesa Alaska sp. Ill (near sp. G. Colorado, Saether 1970), (Fig. 11)
Only two specimens were measured. Body lengths 3.9 mm and 1.6 mm. Head capsule of larger specimen 0.35 mm long, 0.28 mm wide; smaller specimen 0.23 mm long, 0.14 mm wide. Body color of preserved specimens yellow to gold brown, darker dorsally; head capsule dark brown.
Length of antennal segments of larger specimen (Fig. 11A) (blades and annular organ not described) 19: 15: 7: 3: 4 wm long, width of first segment 11 um; AR=0.66; ALAW = 1.73. Antennae of the smaller specimen were missing.
Labial plate (Fig. 11B), midtooth slightly bifid, first pair of lateral teeth larger and longer than midtooth. Nine pairs of lateral teeth.
Mandibles (Fig. 11C), with two large apical teeth and three small proximal teeth. Pre- mandibles (Fig. 11D) were not clearly visible on either mount but had at least four digits, perhaps seven altogether.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 205
100um
xy \ 80 | | B Lm A C 60umr 100um -— on [ D : é 40um- | 5O0um—- E y) 20umM-+ | Oum> [ gure
Fig. 11, Diamesa Alaska sp. Ill (near sp. G. Colorado Saether 1970). (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) right premandible, (E) preanal papillar bristles.
Preanal papillae absent. Preanal papillae replaced by four stout bristles (Fig. 10E), 80 yum long.
Microscope slides were prepared for 2 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 2 specimens. Only 6 specimens of Diamesa Alaska sp. \ll (near sp. G. Colorado) were estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
Pseudokiefferiella Laurence (1951) (see Brundin 1956)
Pseudokiefferiella Alaska sp. | (Fig. 12)
Pseudokiefferiella differed greatly from the Diamesa specimens. For example, they had strong body bristles liberally scattered over their bodies and had large preanal papillae with extremely long preanal papillae bristles.
Only a single taxon was identified and three instars of that taxon determined. Body length of largest instar (fourth) 3.6-9.6 mm (average 6.9 mm, n=22, S.D.=1.75 mm); of intermediate instar (third) 2.2-4.2 mm (average 3.2 mm, n=13, S.D.=0.67 mm); and of smallest instar (second) 1.5-2.2 mm (average 1.8 mm, n=4, S.D.=0.29 mm). Head capsule largest instar average 0.51 mm long and 0.37 mm wide (n = 22, S.D. = 0.118 and 0.071 mm); of intermediate instar, 0.25 mm long and 0.18 mm wide (n = 13, S.D. = 0.047 and 0.039 mm) and of smallest instar 0.21 mm long and 0.14 mm wide (n=4, S.D. = 0.026 and 0.016 mm).
256 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
200um 4 Ay SF
A 500um
100um 150um N
\
75um Oum F D1 D2 Oum
Fig. 12, Pseudokiefferiella Alaska sp. |. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) right mandible, (D1) right mandible, (D2) left mandible, (E) left premandible, (F) preanal papillae and papillar bristles.
Oum
Body color of preserved specimens yellow-gold, or gray. Head capsules light brown and preanal papillae bristles conspicuous.
Antennae (Fig. 12A), blades and annular organs not described. Length of antennal segments nf largest instar (fourth) 48: 12: 9: 3-3. um long (n= 9, S.D. = 4.92: 2.69: 2.29: 1 42: 0 93 um): width of first antennal segment 21 um (n=9, S.D.=4 34m); AR=1.70, S.D.=0.213; ALAW = 2.43, $.D.=0.710. Length of antennal segment of intermediate instar 22: 11: 8: 3: 3 um long (N=3, $.D.=i1.15. 2.65: 1.0. 0.57: 0.57um), width of first segment 12 pm (n=3, $.D.=2.'}1pim); AR=0.97, $.D.=0.068; ALAW=1.80, S.D.=0.358. Length -f antennal segments of smallest instar (second) 16: 10: 5: 3: 4 um long (n= 2); width of first segment 9 um (n=?\; AR=N 72; ALAW— 1.78
Labial plate (Fig. 12B) with two groups of teeth, middle five teeth lighter in color and all evenly recessed into the labial plate. Four teeth on each side of the five midteeth are darker in color. Thirteen teeth on labial plate.
Mandibles (Figs. 12C, D1, D2) with five relatively small teeth becoming progressively smaller from apical teeth to proximal teeth. Premandibles (Fig. 12E) weakly digitate, some with as many as six digits, usually four or five.
Preanal papillae (Fig. 12F) for largest instar (fourth) 30 um long and 32 um wide (n=9, $.D. = 5.47 and 5.73 um). Seven bristles attached to end of papilla and one bristle attached to side is about one-half the length of the others. Papillae bristles are stiff and stout; and seven longer bristles 310 um long (n=9, S.D.= 77.1 um). Body bristles are similar to the side papillae bristles in length and appearance. Preanal papillae of intermediate instar (third) 21 um long, and 23 um wide (n= 3, S.D.=0.58 and 1.53 um); the seven stiff terminal bristles 240 um long (n=3, S.D.=17.56 um); and preanal papillae of the smallest instar (second), 11 wm long and 11 wm wide (n = 2); and the seven terminal bristles 170 um long (n= 2).
Microscope slides were prepared for 51 individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on 29 specimens. A total of 153 Pseudokiefferiella Alaska sp. | was estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 257
Syndiamesa Kieffer Larva, Thienemann 1952, in Pankratova 1970.
Syndiamesa orientalis Chernovskii (Fig. 13)
Two specimens representing different instars were found in the Atigun River. Body length of largest instar (third) 4.0 mm long; head capsule 0.21 mm long and 0.17 mm wide. Body length of smaller instar (second) 2.7 mm; head capsule 0.17 mm long and 0.14 mm wide. Body color of preserved specimens gray-yellow and head capsule light brown.
Antennal blades and annular organ (Fig. 13A) not measured. Length of antennal segments of largest instar (third) 22: 10: 7: 3: 3um; width of first segment 13 um; AR = 0.96: and ALAW=1.69. Length of antennal segments of smaller instar (Second) 9: 7: 5: 2: 2um, first segment 12 um wide; AR = 0.56; ALAW = 0.75. Annulations on third segment not easily seen, but the premandibles (Fig. 13D) are useful for placing specimens of this genus in the Diamesinae.
Labial plate (Fig. 13B) with wide bare area four or five times as wide as lateral teeth, with about seven pairs of lateral teeth.
Mandible (Fig. 13C) with one large apical tooth and four small proximal teeth. Second tooth appears slightly larger than remaining three smaller teeth. Premandibles (Fig. 13D) have seven digits which begin anteriorally (toward apex of premandible) and end laterally, generally becoming progressively smaller. Premandible digits fairly large relative to those of most Diamesa.
Preanal papillae present (Fig. 13E) but not prominent; shorter than wide; papillae on larger instar 16 um long and 20um wide; on smaller instar 12 um long and 15 um wide. Seven terminal bristles 190 um long (largest instar).
Two specimens were found and measured in detail for the 36 samples taken at 12 sampling sites. Only two Syndiamesa orientalis were estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
120um L : as 60um/- 150um it 75um A Oum Cc \
Fig. 13., Syndiamesa orientalis Chernovskii. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) right premandible, (E) preanal papillae and papillar bristles. Note, antenna not to scale.
208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Podonominae Trichotanypus (Kieffer) Edwards, in Brundin 1966. Larva, Brundin 1966.
Trichotanypus Alaska sp. | (Fig. 14)
Identification corroborated by O.A. Saether, written communication, 1973.
One specimen found in the Dietrich River and six in a tributary to the Atigun River. Only one instar was determined (second or third). Body length 3.0-4.2 mm (average 3.6 mm,n = 4, §.D.=0.50 mm); head capsule 0.30 mm long and 0.19 mm wide (n=3, S.D.=0.025 and 0.021 mm). Body color of preserved specimens gold-yellow and head capsule brown.
Antennae (Fig. 14A) with large, long first segments compared to Diamesinae speci- mens. Length of antennal segments 69: 19: 9: 5:4 um (n = 2); width of first segment 27 pm (n = 2); AR = 1.86; ALAW = 2.56. Third segment annulated. Antennal blades and annular organs not examined.
Labial plate (Fig. 14B) with mid area bare and extremely recessed between the lateral teeth, 12 pairs of very small (compared to Diamesinae specimens) fine-appearing lateral teeth.
Mandible (Fig. 14C) with 23 long, fine, slender teeth, tips about the same size as those in the labial plate. Premandibles absent. Preanal papillae (Fig. 14D) very conspicuous, 133 um long and 32 um wide(n = 2) with six terminal bristles 220 um long (n = 2).
Microscope slides were prepared for three individual specimens. Detailed measurements were made on three specimens. Only seven Trichotanypus Alaska sp. | were estimated for 36 samples collected at 12 sampling sites.
120m as Cc 60um B L r 75um Oum-
Oum
Fig. 14., Podonominae, Trichotanypus (Kieffer) Edwards Alaska sp. |. (A) antenna, (B) labial plate, (C) left mandible, (D) preanal papillae with papillar bristles.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 259
Acknowledgement
Dr. Ole A. Saether of the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg, Canada identified representative samples of each taxon. Most of the draw- ings were prepared from specimens examined by him. Dr. Saether placed all three Diamesa Jatitarsis varieties within the nominate species /atitarsis; however, | have considered them separately. The specimens of Syndiamesa orientalis in the samples were very similar to the one figured in Pankratova (1970, Fig. 27, p. 73) and in Chernovskii (1949, Fig. 79, p. 227).
Literature Cited
Anderson, R. O. 1959. A modified floatation technique for sorting bottom fauna samples. Limnol. and Oceanog,., 4: 223-225.
Beck, W. M., Jr. 1968. Chironomidae /n Keys to water quality indicative organisms (southeastern United States). Edited by F. K. Parrish, Fed. Water Pollut. Control Admin., v1-v22.
Brundin, L. 1956. Zur systematik der Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Inst. Fresh- water Res., Drottningholm: Fish. Res. Board Sweden, Rept. 37: 5-185.
Brundin, L. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. With a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the Austral Heptagiae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsaka- demiens Handlingar. Band 11(1): 1-472.
Chernovskii, A. A. 1949. Identification of larvae of the midge family Tendipedidae: Izat. Akad. nauk. S.S.S.R., Transl. by Lees, E., (1961) (ed. K. E. Marshall), Natl. Lending Library for Sci. and Tech., Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England, 300 p.
Downes, J. A. 1962. What is an Arctic Insect?: Canadian Entomol., 94: 143-162.
Downes, J. A. 1964. Arctic insects and their environment: Canadian Entomol., 96: 279- 307.
Greeson, P. E., T. A. Ehlke, G. A. Irwin, B. W. Lium and K. V. Slack, editors, 1977. Methods for collection and analysis of aquatic biological and microbiological samples: U.S. Geol. Surv. Techniques Water-Resources Inv., book 5, chap. A4. 332 p.
Hobbie, J. E. 1973. Arctic limnology — A review, /n Britton, M.E., ed., Alaskan arctic tundra: Arctic Inst. North America Tech. Paper 25:127-168.
Hubault, E. 1927. Contributions a l’etude des invertebrés torrentico’s: Bull. Biol. France Belg., Suppl. 9: 162-164.
Johannsen, O. A. 1905. Aquatic Nematocerous, Diptera. Part Il. Chironomidae: New York State Mus. Bull. 86: 76-331.
Johannsen, O. A. 1937. Aquatic Diptera. Part Ill. Chironomidae: subfamilies Tanypodinae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae: Mem. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. 205: 1-84.
Laurence, B. R. 1951. On two neglected type designations in the Genus Hydrobaenus Fries, 1830: Entomol. Mo. Mag. 86: 164-165.
Mason, W. T., Jr. 1973. An introduction to the identification of chironomid larvae. Cincinnati, Ohio, Natl. Environ. Res. Cntr. 1-90.
Pagast, F. 1933. Chironomidenstudien: Stett. Entomol. Zeit., 94: 286-300.
Pankratova, V. Y. 1970. [Larvae and pupae of midges of the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the fauna of the USSR.] Leningrad ‘Nauka’. 1-343. [In Russian.]
Roback, S. S. 1957. The immature Tendipedids of the Philadelphia area. Monog. Acad. Natl. Sci., Philadelphia, 9: 1-152.
Saether, O. A. 1970. Chironomid and other invertebrates from North Boulder Creek, Colorado. Univ. Colorado Stud., Ser. Biol. 31: 57-114.
Slack, K. V., J. W. Nauman, and L. J. Tilley. 1976. Evaluation of three collecting methods for a reconnaissance of stream benthic invertebrates. U.S. Geol. Surv. J. Research, 4: 491-495.
260 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Slack, K. V., J. W. Nauman, and L. J. Tilley. 1977. Benthic invertebrates in an arctic mountain stream, Brooks Range, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. J. Research, 4: 519- 527.
Thienemann, A. 1952. Bestimmungstabellen fur die larven der mit Diamesa nachst verwandten Chironomiden. Beitr. Entomol., 2: 244-256.
Thienemann, A., and K. Mayer. 1933. Chironomiden-metamorphosen. VI. Die metamorphosen zweier hochalpiner Chironomiden. Zool. Anz., 103: 1-12.
Note, specimens are stored at the U.S. Geological Survey, Western Region Headquarters in Menlo Park, California.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Notes on the behavior of Ametropus ammophilus in Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Ametropodidae). — Allen and Edmunds, (1976, J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49 (4):625-635) revised the North American species of Ametropus. In that paper they described a third species, Ametropus ammophilus, and listed its distribution from Montana, Washington, and Oregon. Allen (1977, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 53:210) identified nymphs of A. ammophilus from central California, extending its known distribution. This report is on nymphal behavior and emergence of Ametropus ammophilus from the Wood River, Klamath Co., Oregon.
Mature nymphs of A. ammophilus were collected in the Wood River, 12 miles northwest of Chiloquin, on 6 June 1978. The river originates from springs. It averages 5 to 10 meters in width and meanders through open pasture for much of its course.
The nymphs appeared selective in their habitat being restricted to depositional areas where fine sand and detritus accumulated. Nymphs were abundant (est. 50/m?) on the downstream side of a sharp turn where fine clean sand, 3 to 15 cm deep, was deposited on top of a gravel substrate. They occurred in water 5 to 60 cm deep with slow to moderate currents. These mature nymphs were about 20 mm long.
The normal posture of the nymphs was on the sand bottom with the abdomen covered by a fine layer of sand and the dorsum of the thorax and head exposed. They remained in this position motionless unless disturbed, when they then swam quickly 20 to 40 cm and again settled into the sand. Their flattened body, large lateral gills, and three caudal filaments fring- ed with setae is an effective swimming surface. The nymphs swam easily with smooth dorsal- ventral contractions of the abdomen and with the middle and hind legs trailing to the sides.
Emergence of the subimagoes occurred between 10:00 and 11:30 AM. The water and air temperature were approximately 11°C and 20°C, respectively. The sky was clear, and there was little or no wind. Mature nymphs first swam sporadically towards the shoreline before stopping in two to five cm of water. They then climbed on top of sticks or crawled closer to shore until the thorax was covered by only a thin layer of water. The exoskeleton then split along the thorax and with slignt pulsations of the abdomen the subimago worked free of the exuviae. Most nymphs lost their grip of the substrate half way through ecdysis and floated on the surface during the completion of emergence. Ecdysis took 30 seconds to two minutes to complete.
Subimagoes flew from the water to nearby vegetation in 5 to 15 sec. after emergence. Three subimagoes molted to imagoes after 60 to 70 hours. The subimago stage may have been extended, however, since the specimens were kept in a cooler for the first 48 hours. Mating swarms were not observed while on the river in the morning.
We wish to thank Dr. N.H. Anderson for his critical remarks and financial support of this paper. This is technical paper No. 4922 of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. — RICHARD E. HAFELE, Entomology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, and DAVE HUGHES, Astoria, OR.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:260 October 1978
A New Species of Callicorixa from Northwestern North America
(Heteroptera, Corixidae)
Antti Jansson
Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland
Callicorixa vulnerata (Uhler) was originally described from two female specimens collected from Washington Territory (Corixa vu/nerata Uhler 1861). Hungerford (1948) amended the description by giving the Characteristics of the male also. These characteristics included some variation, mainly in arrangement of palar pegs: the males usually have two distinctly separate rows of palar pegs, but occasionally 2-3 of the most distal pegs of the basal row appear to be out of line curving dorsally toward the apical row and almost linking the two rows together. Somewhat similar variation has also been described for North American C. audeni Hungerford (Hungerford 1948) and European C. praeusta (Fieber), C. producta (Reuter), and C. wollastoni (Douglas & Scott) (Jansson 1978). This varia- tion, however, usually appears in one leg of an individual only, and the other leg Is normal.
When collecting in the interior of British Columbia, | obtained a sample of 27 specimens which at first sight seemed to belong to C. vulnerata. A closer study, however, revealed that all 16 males of the sample had an ex- treme type of ‘‘variant’’ arrangement of palar pegs in both fore legs. The consistency of this ‘‘variation’’ caught my attention, and by borrowing all available material from several collections | obtained more data on this phenomenon. The investigation revealed that some variation does exist in the characteristics of C. vu/nerata, but also another species has been in- cluded in this variation. In the following, Hungerford’s (1948) redescription of C. vu/nerata is being amended, and a new species is being described.
Callicorixa vulnerata (Uhler)
Male pala apically curved anteriorly (Fig. 1). Palar pegs always in two rows; the basal row dor- soventrally slightly curved (Fig. 2) and occasionally 1-2 of the most distal pegs of the basal row or the most proximal peg of the apical row out of line (Figs. 3-4). One third to one fourth of the first tarsal segment of hind leg apically infuscated (Fig. 12). Abdominal dorsum of male as in Fig. 5. Tip of the right paramere long and definitely curved (Figs. 6-11).
Location of types: According to Hungerford (1948) the two female specimens from which the original description of Corisa vulnerata was drawn, are in the Uhler collection of the U.S. National Museum. Hungerford has labeled one of them as the lectotype and the other as paratype. | have seen only the paratype, a pale teneral specimen. Quite unacceptably, when describing male characters of C. vu/nerata, Hungerford (1948) further designated a male allotype and six parallotypes from a series of 7 males and 11 females labeled ‘‘Arlington, Washington, 7-28-1931, L. D. Anderson’. In the collections of the Snow Entomological Museum | have seen three of the females, but none of the males could be located.
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262 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Figs. 1-12. Callicorixa vulnerata (Uhler). Figs. 1-2. Male fore leg, dorsal and anterior views. Figs. 3-4, Male fore tarsi, showing variation in arrangement of palar pegs. Fig. 5. Male abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 6. Male genital capsule. Figs. 7-8. Right paramere, lateral and ventral views (specimen from Vancouver, British Columbia). Figs. 9-11. Variation of tip of the right paramere (specimens from Anchorage, Alaska; Crater Lake National Park, Oregon; Clam Beach, California). Fig. 12. Tarsal segments of hind leg. — Scale lines (1 mm) apply as follows: a = Figs. 5 and 12; b = Figs. 1-4 and 6; c = Figs. 7-11.
No overall reliable marks of identification exist for Ca/licorixa females (see below). However, the specimen labeled as paratype of Corisa vulnerata and the females which belong to the same series with the Hungerford’s male allotype and parallotypes are all typical coastal specimens. Thus, although the males from Arlington are missing, it seems safe to assume that Hunger- ford’s (1948) description of male characteristics was mainly based on true C. vulnerata specimens; only the variation shown in Figs. 2a, 2c, 2f and 2g of Plate LXXIIl in Hungerford (1948) was not based on this species.
Additional material studied from the following localities (cf. Fig. 24):
Alaska: Anchorage.
British Columbia: Alta Lake area, Chilliwack, Courtenay, Departure Bay, Galiano Island, Hope, Lakelse Lake, Malahat, Metchosin, Milner, Port Alberni, Queen Charlotte Islands, Saanich, Terrace, Vancouver.
Washington: Acme, Anacortes, Arlington, Bellingham, Cliffdell, Concrete, Copalis, Custer, Ellensburg, Enumclaw, Ferndale, Fort Lewis, Lake Cushman, Naches, San Juan Island, Stanwood, Strandell, Tacoma, Yelm.
Oregon. Bly Mountain, Charleston, Corvallis, Crater Lake National Park, Crescent, Florence, Fort Klamath, Grants Pass, Hood River, Klamath Falls, Modoc Point, Pistol River, Port Oxford,
Portland, Waldport. California: Berkeley, Carmel, Clam Beach, Eureka, Fort Bragg, Pt. Reyes, Van Damme State
Park.
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Figs. 13-23. Callicorixa scudderin. sp. Figs. 13-14. Male fore leg, dorsal and anterior views. Fig. 15. Male abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 16. Male genital capsule. Figs. 17-18. Right paramere, lateral and ventral views (specimen from Little Fort, British Columbia). Figs. 19-22. Variation of tip of the right paramere (specimens from Mission, British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia; Concrete, Washington; Bend, Oregon). Fig. 23. Tarsal segments of hind leg. — Scale lines (1 mm) apply as follows: a = Figs. 15 and 23; b = Figs. 13-14 and 16; c = Figs. 17-22.
Callicorixa scudderi new species
Size: Length 7.0-8.1 mm; width of head 2.1-2.5 mm.
Color: General facies medium to dark brown. Pronotum crossed by 8, seldom 7 or 9 brown lines which are usually somewhat narrower than the pale ones. Claval lines regular at base, slightly irregular distally. Dark bands of corium somewhat irregular. Membranal pattern reticulate, separated from corium by pale line. Embolium yellowish. Head pale, thorax smoky to black; ab- domen smoky to black in males, smoky to yellowish in females. Fore tibia and pala dorsally heavi- ly infuscated in males, pala dorsally slightly infuscated in females. Black spot on apical third of the first tarsal segment of hind leg ventrally usually longer than dorsally, and also the second tar- sal segment of hind leg venterobasally usually somewhat infuscated (Fig. 23).
Structural characteristics: Head about half as long as pronotum. Facial hairs few; synthlipsis about equal to width of an eye; male fovea broad and shallow. Lateral lobe of prothorax slightly tapering, about half as wide as long. Mesoepimeron narrow, osteole near tip. Metaxyphus slightly longer than wide. Male fore femur with a patch of rather long hairs anterobasally (Figs. 13-14); 5-6 rows of stridulatory pegs, partly covered by the long hairs. Pala nearly straight (Fig. 13). Palar pegs in two rows; basal row proximally nearly straight, distally with 2-3 pegs curving dorsally toward the apical row and almost linking the two rows together (Fig. 14); number of pegs in basal row about 20, in apical row about 9. Male abdomen dorsally as in Fig. 15. Genital capsule as in Fig. 16. Tip of the right paramere only slightly curved, with some irregularities at the curving point
264 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
(Figs. 17-22). Middle leg femur : tibia : tarsus : claw = 100: 48 : 33 : 33. Hind leg femur : tibia : tarsus 1: tarsus 2 = 100:94:115: 49.
Etymology: The species is named for Dr. G. G. E. Scudder (Vancouver, B.C.); thanks to him | was able to spend several years in Canada, and became familiar with North American Corixidae.
Comparative notes: In Hungerford’s (1948) key for identification of Callicorixa species, difficulties arise when one has to decide whether males of C. scudderi have a dense hair patch on the fore femora. This mark of identification is clearly intermediate between the pilose area of C. vu/nerata and the very thick patch of long hairs of all other North American species of the genus. However, this intermediate characteristic combined with the ar- rangement of the palar pegs and the shape of the right paramere, easily distinguishes males of C. scudderi from the other species. In females, Hungerford (1948) uses relative length of the infuscated area of hind leg tar- sus 1 to separate species. This characteristic is not reliable and, for in- stance, specimens of C. vu/nerata often have clearly more than one fourth of the segment infuscated. In C. scudderi, however, hind tarsus 2 is also somewhat infuscated, and in most cases this readily separates C. scudderi from the other species. Yet even this is not always a reliable mark of identification. In specimens of C. vu/nerata from Queen Charlotte Islands | found several which showed tendency of tarsus 2 to be slightly infuscated. Thus, for females of Ca/licorixano completely reliable marks of identification have been described.
Location of types: Holotype male: Canada, British Columbia, Little Fort, 25.VII.1969, A. Jansson. Deposited in my collection, Department of Zoology, University of Helsinki. Paratypes: 15 dd and 11 99; data as the holotype; deposited with the holotype, in Spencer Entomological Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
Additional material studied (cf. Fig. 24):
British Columbia: Chinook Cove, Haney, Hiawatha Lake, Jim Smith Lake, Lake Windermere, Mission, New Lake, Oliver, Peachland, Penticton, Vancouver.
Washington: Concrete, Ferndale, Strandell.
Oregon: Bend, Camp Abbott, Corvallis, Hamilton, Hot Lake, Lapine, Portland, Pringle Falls, Terrebonne.
Distribution of C. vulnerata and C. scudderi
Since C. scudderi has been included in the variation of C. vu/nerata, the distributional records must also be revised. Fig. 24 shows all Hungerford's (1948) records for C. vu/nerata, and it is seen that of the records which | have been able to check, only three in British Columbia (Mission, Penticton, Peachland) and two in Oregon (Portland, Hot Lake) were actually based on specimens of C. scudderi. However, | have not been able to trace any of the C. vulnerata specimens recorded from Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, or interior California (Hungerford 1948). These records may have been based on misidentifications which have been corrected later on: in the map showing distribution of Ca/licorixa species Hungerford gives no records for C. vulnerata from the interior states. Thus, according to the present knowledge, C. vu/nerata occurs only in Alaska, British Columbia,
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 265
ALASKA © Popoff Island th eee LY . <a Oo e Anchorage . 6 , . ee eee
Fig. 24. Known geographic distributions of Ca/licorixa vulnerata and C. scudderi. Symbols: C. vulnerata: larger dots = Hungerford’s (1948) records, verified; smaller dots = new records; circles = Hungerford’s records which could not be traced down. C. scudderi: crosses = new records; circled crosses = Hungerford’s records of C. vu/nerata which turned out to be C. scuaderi.
Washington, Oregon, and California. Its distribution follows the Pacific Coast, with the most eastern records only some 300 km inland in the Cascade Range area.
In the material studied C. scudderi was found from British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Its main range seems to be confined to the areas between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains, but in SW British Columbia and NW Washington the distribution reaches to the coastal lowlands where the species is sympatric with C. vu/nerata. Also in certain areas in western Oregon the two species seem to be sympatric.
266 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Acknowledgments
| am indebted to the following for loan of material: Dr. P.D. Ashlock (University of Kansas), Dr. K. G. A. Hamilton (Canadian National Collec- tion), Dr. W. J. Hanson (Utah State University), Dr. J. L. Herring (United States National Museum), Dr. D. C. Rentz (California Academy of Sciences), Dr. R. T. Schuh (American Museum of Natural History), Dr. G. G. E. Scudder (University of British Columbia), Dr. G. M. Stonedahl (Western Washington State College), Dr. H. Strumpel (University of Ham- burg), Dr. H. H. Weber (Kiel), and Dr. G. B. Wiggins (Royal Ontario Museum).
Literature Cited
Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 32: 1-827.
Jansson, A. 1978. Aberrant arrangement of male palar pegs in some Callicorixa species (Heteroptera, Corixidae). Notulae Entomol. 58: 15-17.
CORRECTION
Unfortunately, the illustration on page 218 of the article by Dr. J. Alcock, was omitted, and an incorrect illustration included in its place. The editors apologize to Dr. Alcock for this circumstance. Corrected reprints of the article may be obtained from the author.
Inability of Young Chilocorus Larvae to Attack the Mature Stage of the Latania Scale
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
John J. Drea, Jr.’
47, rue des Fontenelles 92310, Sevres, France
While conducting a series of studies of the biologies of several species of the coccinellid genus Chi/locorus Leach, it was noted that the young larvae of the predator were considerably smaller than the mature stage of the host scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret). Tests were set up to determine if the scale was invulnerable at any time during its life cycle to the attack of the coccinellids.
Methods and Materials
The coccinellid, Chilocorus orbus Casey was reared on H. /ataniae cultured on potato tubers. The insectary procedure for the production of the host scale was a modification of the method described by Flanders (1951) for the culture of Aonidiel/a auranti (Maskell). For the tests, individual tubers infested with H. /jataniae were selected and all the scales not in the required stage were removed from a portion of the potato. A circular cut was made around this area with a cork borer. One end of a section of glass tubing (ca 2.0 x 5.0 cm) was inserted into this cut thereby enclosing the area contain- ing scales of a uniform stage. The other end of the glass tube was closed with a piece of organdy cloth held in place by a cork stopper. The center of the stopper was removed to allow adequate ventilation. Because the scale has a long life cycle (Ebeling 1950), it remained in each instar long enough to complete the tests. All tests were maintained in an insectary at T= 28° + 0.5°C, RH 28-42%, and continuous light.
Four distinct sedentary forms of the scale were tested. The early first- instar, the first form, is very small and has a white or pale yellow covering. The second form tested was the late first-instar scale, which is larger in size and is dark yellow. The third form tested was the second-instar scale. In the latter most of the scale covering is a very dark brown or black. The final form tested was the adult female scale. It is much larger than the second-instar, being from 1.5 to 2.00 mm in diameter and has the exuviae of the first and second instars subcentral in position and surrounded by a grayish-white area. The scale covering is strongly convex.
Results
The results of this experiment are presented in Table 1. All first instar bee- tle larvae tested on early first-instar scales were able to develop to the
"Studies made while the author was a graduate student at the University of California, Aloany, California
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:267-269 October 1978
268 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
second-instar. Also, 8 of the 9 first-instar coccinellid larvae tested on late first-instar scales developed to the second-instar. All the first-instars suc- cessfully attacked the second-instars of the scale. However, only 2, or 9.0% of the 22 beetle larvae tested survived the second-instar when placed on mature scales. Because several crawlers were found in the units with the 2 surviving predator larvae, it is believed that crawlers served as host material, thereby accounting for the survival of the 2 larvae. When secona- instar Chilocorus were placed on the scales that already had resisted the attack of the younger coccinellid larvae, 83% of these coccinellids surviv- ed. Therefore, any further tests of other larval instars were deemed un- necessary.
From these results it was assumed that the first-instar larvae of C. orbus were unable to attack successfully the adults of H. /ataniae (Signoret), while all other stages of the scale were successfully fed upon by the first- instar predators. The covering of the adult scale did not protect it from the second-instar larvae, and therefore, must be more susceptible to attack by later instars of Chilocorus. Clausen (1940) stated that successful utilization of coccinellids against diaspine scales appears to be limited by certain physical characters of the scale covering. Those species of scale possess- ing a relatively thin, readily penetrated covering have been the subjects of partial or complete control by coccinellids. Conversely, those species with exceptionally thick or tough covering such as Lepidosaphes Shimer are relatively free from coccinellid attack.
In these experiments, the mature scale was free from attack because the Chilocorus larvae were evidently unable to penetrate the scale covering. On several occasions the first-instar larvae were observed trying to bite through the covering but they were unable to puncture the surface of the scale with their mandibles. The first-instar larvae were able to cope with the covering of younger scales, and the second-instar larvae were capable of feeding on all stages of the scale.
Table 1. — Results of feeding tests involving first and second instar larvae of Chilocrus orbus on different instars of the scale Hemiberlesia lataniae.
Predator Host instar No. larvae No. larvae Percent
tested tested involved developing surviving first early ist 4 4 100 first late 1st 9 8 89 first second 6 6 100 first third 22 2 9 second third 6 5 82
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 269
Latania scale seems to be a species of diaspine scale somewhat in- termediate between those susceptible to attack by all instars of C. orbus and scales relatively free from attack. Muma (1955) reported that all stages of the scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), were fed on by all larval instars of C. stigma Say. However, Clausen (1940) stated that species of the genera Lepidosaphes and Chionaspis are relatively free from attack. In ad- dition, Reyne (1948) reports that C. nigritus F. was not able to penetrate the cuticle of Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne, whereas it was able to attack suc- cessfully A. destructor Signoret.
This ability of some species of scales to withstand, during some stage in their cycle, the onslaught of a particular larval instar of a coccinellid may partially explain conflicting reports as to the efficiency of the beetles for natural control of these coccid species. For example, in Florida, Chrysom- phalus aonidum (L.) on citrus is held in check by C. stigma (Griffith and Stearns 1947), while in Algeria, poor control of the same species of scale is effected by C. bipustulatus (L.) (Balachowsky, 1928).
Whenever possible, attempts at colonization of an insect should be syn- chronized with the susceptible stages of the host species. The failure of some species of Chilocorini to control various scale insects or even become established in a new area, may be due in part to the lack of such syn- chronization between the predator and a susceptible stage of the host.
Literature Cited
Balachowsky, A. 1928. Contribution a l’etude des coccids de |'Afrique Mineure, 3e note, Chrysomphalus aonidum L., biologie-traitement. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. n., 19(4):156-180.
Ebeling, W. 1950. Subtropical Entomology. Litho. Process Co., San Francisco. 747 pp.
Flanders, S.E. 1951. Mass culture of California red scale and its golden chalcid parasites. Hilgardia 21:1-42.
Griffith, J.T. and C.R. Stearns. 1947. A further account of the effect of DDT when used on citrus trees in Florida. Fla. Entomol. 3:1-8.
Hagen, K.S. 1962. Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae. Ann Rev. Entomol. 7:289-326,
Muma, M.H. 1955. Some ecological studies on the twice-stabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus stigma Say. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 48:493-498.
Reyne, A. 1948. Studies on a serious outbreak of Aspidiotus destructor rigidus in the coconut palms of Sange (North Celebes). Tijdschr. Entomol. 89:83-123.
Insects Associated with Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in Western Washington
Mark A. Deyrup and Robert |. Gara
University of Washington, Seattle 98195
The importance of scolytids as enemies of forest trees has inspired a number of studies of the insects, including predators and parasi- toids, associated with scolytids. Several large-scale studies deal with the associates of a single species of scolytid (DeLeon, 1934; Bedard, 1938; Ashraf and Berryman, 1969; Dahlsten, 1970; Moser et a/., 1971). A few additional studies deal with all the scolytid associates occur- ring in one tree species (Pechuman, 1937; Reid, 1957, 1957a; Deyrup, 1975, 1976). There are a few compendia of associates of Nearctic scolytids (Chamberlin, 1939; Bushing, 1965; Bushing and Bright, 1965). The present study differs from the works cited above in that it is an attempt to survey the associates of all common scolytids in all their host trees within a relatively small geographic area.
Materials and Methods
Scolytids and their associates were sampled in 2 intensive study sites and 35 minor study sites, all in western Washington. The inten- sive sites are 1) a stable predominantly Douglas-fir and hemlock second-growth stand o;: trees that are mostly 30 to 60 cm. dbh., in the Cedar River watershed, near Cedar Falls, King Co., Wash., elev. 290 m.; 2) an area of poorly growing overstocked second- and third- growth Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine at Bear Lake, 11 km. S. of Bremerton, Kitsap Co., Wasnh., elev. 135 m.
All species listed were obtained by opening scolytid galleries and removing the associates along with a sample of the hosts. All Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and many of the Coleoptera were taken as larvae or pupae and reared to maturity. The live insects, often accompanied by bits of wood or bark, were placed on a small pad of paper toweling in 100 x 15 mm Optilux Petri dishes (Falcon Plastics, Oxnard, Calif.). The paper 7oweling was moistened with a few drops of water every other day. Predacious and scavenging insects were fed living or dead larvae of scolytids. The great majority of insects reared were brought indoors in late winter or spring after diapause had been naturally broken.
Determinations were made by Dr. Bernard Burks (Eupelmidae), Dr. Raymond Gagne (Cecidomyiidae), Dr. Paul Marsh (Braconidae), Dr. Curtis Sabrosky (Chloropidae), and Mr. George Steyskal (Odiniidae, Pallopteridae), at the U.S. National Museum; Dr. Robert Bugbee The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:270-282 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 271
(Eurytomidae) at Allegheny College, Meadville, Penn.; Dr. Fred Harmston (Dolichopodidae) of the U.S. Public Health Service, Ft. Collins, Col.; and Dr. M. Deyrup (remaining families of associates), University of Washington, Seattle.
This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant no. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S./International Biological Program.
Factors Influencing Scolytid Associates
The results of this study show that within a limited geographic area scolytid associates tend to occur in galleries of several species of scolytids and in two or more species of tree hosts. Thus, the local populations of enemies of one species of scolytid may be largely regulated by the abundance of alternate hosts, a factor not always considered in studies of population dynamics of scolytids and their enemies. The present study, as well as the published lists (cited above) of associates of individual species of scolytids, indicates that each species of scolytid may support many species of associates. The associates of scolytids must be directly influenced by factors other than host species, and occupy a diversity of trophic roles.
One factor of great importance to all insects inhabiting dead trees is the amount of exposure of the tree to direct sunlight. The importance of exposure is undoubtedly mostly environmental: an insect in exposed bark must be physiologically adapted to high temperatures, rapid temperature fluctuations, and accelerated des- sication, while an insect in shaded bark must be adapted to cooler, more even temperatures, and to greater moisture (Graham, 1925). Not only environmental conditions are determined by exposure to sun- light, but also the mechanisms by which hosts are located. The host tree is probably initially located by odor, and chemical compounds emanating from exposed trees seem to differ from those emanating from shaded trees (Stoszek, 1973). Parasitoids that pinpoint their hosts by the minute amount of heat generated by each subcortical larva (Richerson and Borden, 1972) are probably unable to find hosts on sunlit bark because of the variability of heat absorption and reflec- tion on the irregular surface. During the present study it was found that the wasps Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher), Heydenia unica Cook and Davis, Spathius sequoiae Ashmead, Ecphylus pacificus Marsh, and Eurytoma tomici Ashmead usually oviposit on hosts in shaded bark; Cecidostiba thomsoni Crawford, Cheiropachus brunneri Crawford, Ecphylus californicus Rhower, and Eurytoma phloeotribi Ashmead usually oviposit on hosts in exposed bark.
Another ecological factor that is of obvious importance to most parasitoids of scolytids is the thickness of the bark separating the parasitoid from its subcortical host. Except for those few species
272 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
that attack adult scolytids (Karpinskiella, Tomicobia) or enter the scolytid egg gallery (Roptrocerus, Ipideurytoma), parasitoids of scolytids are limited by the length of their ovipositors. In some cases (e.g. Spathius vs. Ecphylus) this provides a possible niche separation of the sort made famous by Heatwole and Davis (1965) in their study of Megarhyssa species. The importance of bark thickness is greatly accentuated by two factors: parasitoids of scolytids are necessarily small because of the smallness of their hosts, and the ovipositor, for unknown reasons, is almost never much longer than the combined length of the head and body. An unusually large specimen (actually reared from a large subcortical weevil) of the largest parasitoid of scolytids in western Washington has an ovipositor about 8 mm. long, and the principle host of this species is a scolytid often found under bark several centimeters thick.
Predators, which always enter scolytid gallaries through holes made by the scolytids themselves, are not strongly influenced by bark thickness, but are strongly influenced by prey density as it is difficult to force passage through intact inner bark. This is particularly true of larvae of flies, such as Medetera (Nagel and Fitzgerald, 1975) but also applies to beetles. As might be expected, these predators show opportunistic behavior. Some predators, such as Thanasimus undatulus Say, Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), Xylophagus abdominalis Loew, Ampedus anthracinus LeConte, and Lasconotus intricatus Kraus feed, at least in the laboratory, on any available insect larvae or pupae, including those of parasitoids and other predators. Species of scolytids that attack trees in early spring, producing a single brood that abandons the tree in summer (e.g. Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) ) are able to convert natural enemies into assets as the predators do most of their feeding when there are only parasitoids, predators, and inquilines remaining in the tree. Other predators, such as some species of Lonchaea, Corticeus, possibly Palloptera, seem to be primarily scavengers and only facultative predators. A number of predators, or supposed predators, such as Lasconotus, Lonchaea, possibly Gaurax, minimize host searching by their ability to develop to maturity, at least in the laboratory, on asingle host larva or pupa.
For scolytid parasitoids, which are compelled to complete develop- ment on a single host, the size of the host larva is an important and complicated factor. Successful parasitism of hosts that are much larger than normal is rare; possibly there is heavy mortality of para- sitoid pupae when the pupal cell is occupied by the decomposing remains of an unconsumed host larva, or perhaps large hosts tend to recover rapidly and crush the egg of the parasitoid. Successful parasitism of hosts that are smaller than normal is commonplace and seems to present the parasitoid with both liabilities and benefits. The principle liability is that subnormal hosts produce miniature adult
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 273
parasitoids. Small males may be at a disadvantage when competing for mates. Small females have a graver disability as the length of the Oovipositor remains proportional to body size so that the number of hosts available to small females may be seriously reduced. The females also need stored energy supplies for flying to a new host tree (males remain on the natal tree) and for egg production. Thus, the wasp that oviposits on undersized hosts seems to be spending much time and effort producing poorly adapted offspring. On the other hand, parasitization of undersized host larvae is highly advantageous when the only hosts available are small, either because it is early in the season and the hosts are young, or because only small species of bark beetles have infested the tree. In these situations a generation of small parasitoids may be produced that will bridge the gap of time or space separating the parent parasitoid from ideal hosts. When there are both large and small hosts in a tree the ovipositing parasitoid may be able to lay male (unfertilized) eggs on small hosts and female (fertile) eggs on larger hosts, a discrimination of great value since small males are less at a disadvantage than small females. This mechanism, first noted by Ryan (1961) in the scolytid parasitoid Coeloides brunneri Viereck, has been observed during the present study in Spathius, Ecphylus, and Cecidostiba.
The influence of tree host species on scolytid associates is not well understood. Eastern species of Spathius seem to be clearly divided into a group of conifer inhabitants and a group associated with broadleaf trees (Matthews, 1970), but during the present study in western Washington S. sequoiae Ashmead was found in alder as well as in numerous species of conifers. Berisford and Franklin (1972) have shown that of four species of pine attacked by /ps two species are preferred by the parasitoid Heydenia unica Cook and Davis regard- less of the number or species of the bark beetle hosts in the trees. It is perhaps significant that the two preferred pines are indigenous to the study area while the other two pines are introduced. The influence of the tree host on associates of scolytids will probably remain obscure until there is more information on how the associates find scolytid-infested trees.
It is logical to expect that some associates of scolytids are at- tracted by host pheromones; such associates should show con- siderable host-specificity. Associates that occur in well-developed scolytid galleries arrive long after pheromone production has pre- sumably ceased, but predators and parasitoids that attack adult scolytids which are boring into host trees should be able to use pheromones to find their temporarily exposed hosts. Attraction to host pheromones has been shown in the parasitoid Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead (Rice, 1968), and in the predators Enoclerus lecontei Wolcott (Rice, 1969), Thanasimus undatulus Say (Pitman and Vite, 1970; Kline et al., 1974), and Temnochila chlorodia Mannerheim (Bedard et a/., 1969; Pitman and Vita, 1971). None of these species, however, shows a high
274 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
degree of host specificity. Tomicobia tibialis attacks at least 6 species of /ps (Bushing, 1965); a European species 7. seitneri (Ruschka) also attacks several species of /ps, though a third species, 7. accuminati Hedavist attacks only /ps accuminatus (Gyllenhal) (Hedqvist, 1963). The genus Karpinskiella, also parasitoids of adult scolytids, has not been studied extensively, but seems to be more host specific than Tomicobia (Hedavist, 1963; Furniss, 1968). Parasitoids of adult scolytids may be confined to a single genus of hosts, but the predators lack even this degree of host specificity and often occur on trees infested with scolytids other than those whose pheromones are known to attract the predators. These predators must either respond to aremarkable range of host pheromones (or tree odors) or else are divided into populations having differing responses to pheromones of locally abundant scolytids.
The presence of some scolytid associates is clearly determined by the fungal flora of the scolytid galleries. Species that feed directly on fungus include Renardia nigrella Motschulsky, Scatopsciara sp., and Asynapta sp. These are attended by a group of predators that includes lsolomalus mancus Casey, Nudobius cephalus Say, and Medetera arctica VanDuzee. Many other associates whose diet is unknown may also feed on fungi.
List of Records
A list of scolytids and their associates follows. An asterisk in- dicates an association not previously reported in the literature.
Cryphalus pubescens (Hopkins) *Asynapta sp.
Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte) *Acrulia tumidula Maklin
*Atheta sp.
*Calosota pseudotsugae Burks *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) *Renardia nigrella Motschulsky *Rhinosiums viridiaeneus Randall *Spathius sequoiae Ashmead
Carphoborus vandykei Bruck
*Ampedus anthracinus LeConte *Calosota pseudotsugae Burks *Ecphylus californicus Rohwer *Eupelmella vesicularis (Retzius) *Eurytoma phloeotribi Ashmead *Gaurax dubius (Macquart) *Heydenia unica Cook and Davis *Lasconotus intricatus Kraus *Macromesus americanus Hedavist *Nemosoma attenuatum Van Dyke *Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg *Scoloposcelis flavicornis Reuter *Spathius sequoiae Ashmead
*Calosota pseudotsugae Burks *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) *Ecphylus pacificus Marsh *Karpinskiella sp. A
*Spathius sequoiae Ashmead
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins
Atheta sp.
Atrechus macrocephalus Nordmann Coeloides brunneri Viereck *Corticeus strublei Blaisdell Cucujus clavipes Fabricius Enoclerus sphegeus Fabricius /solomalus mancus Casey *Leptothorax acervorum Fabricius *Leptusa sp.
Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine Medetera aldrichii Wheeler
*M. arctica VanDuzee
*M. vidua Wheeler
Nudobius cephalus Say
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 275
Phloeonomus pusillus Gravenhorst *Placusa Sp.
Psilis atricornis (Ashmead)
Quedius laevigatus Gyllenhal
Renardia nigrella Motschulsky
Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mannerheim *R. grouvellei Mequignon
Spathius sequoiae Ashmead Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim)
Thanasimus undatulus Say Xylophagus abdominalis Loew
Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg *Medetera aldrichii Wheeler *Medetera sp. A
Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) *Chymomyza aldrichii Sturtevant
Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) *Chymomyza aldrichii Sturtevant
Hylurgops rugipennis (Mannerheim) *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) Medetera aldrichii Wheeler
Ips concinnus (Mannerheim) Medetera sp. B *Xylophagus abdominalis Loew
[ps mexicanus (Hopkins) *Agathidium obtusum Hatch *Nudobius cephalus Say *Platysoma punctigerum LeConte *Renardia nigrella Motschulsky *Zabrachia polita Coquillett
Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff) *Atrechus macrocephalus Nordmann *Dolurgus pumilus (Mannerheim) *Medetera aldrichii Wheeler *M. arctica VanDuzee *M. vidua Wheeler *Quedius laevigatus Gyllenhal *Xylophagus abdominalis Loew
Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) Cucujus clavipes Fabricius *Eupelmella vesicularis (Retzius) *Gaurax dubius (Macquart) /solomalus mancus Casey Lasconotus subcostulatus Kraus *lLeptothorax acervorum Fabricius *Lonchaea corticis Taylor *Medetera arctica Van Duzee Medetera sp. A *Megaselia sp.
Nudobius cephalus Say *Phloeopora oregona Casey Platysoma punctigerum LeConte *Scatopsciara sp.
*Scoloposcelis flavicornis Reuter *Spathius sequoiae Ashmead *Xylocoris sp.
Xylophagus abdominalis Loew
Phloeosinus punctatus LeConte *Cecidostiba acuta’ (Provancher) *Gaurax dubius (Macquart) *lLasconotus intricatus Kraus *Palloptera terminalis Loew *Phloeonomus pusillus Gravenhorst
Spathius sequoiae Ashmead
Phioeotribus lecontei LeConte Karpinskiella sp. B
Pityophthorus confertus Swaine *Gaurax dubius (Macquart) *Lasconotus intricatus Kraus *L. pertenuis Casey *l. planipennis Kraus *Medetera arctica VanDuzee *Palloptera terminalis Loew *Renardia nigrella Motschulsky *Rhizophagus minutus Mannerheim *Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg *Scoloposcelis flavicornis Reuter *Xylocoris sp.
Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim) *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher)
Pityophthorus pseudotsugae Swaine *Corticeus occidentalis Wallis *lLonchaea corticis Taylor *Palloptera terminalis Loew *Phloeonomus pusillus Gravenhorst *Phloeopora oregona Casey *Rhizophagus minutus Mannerheim *Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg
Pseudohylesinus granulatus LeConte *Acrulia tumidula Maklin *Medetera aldrichii Wheeler
Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) *Acrulia tumidula Maklin *Atheta sp. *Atrechus macrocephalus Nordmann *Blacus sp. *Calosota pseudotsugae Burks Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) Cheiropachus brunneri Crawford
276
Coeloides brunneri Viereck *Corticeus struble/ Blaisdell *Dolurgus pumilus (Mannerheim) *Eurytoma tomici Ashmead *Gaurax dubius (Macquart)
Heydenia unica Cook and Davis *Lasconotus intricatus Kraus *Leptusa sp.
Macromesus americanus Hedavist *Medetera arctica VanDuzee *Nemosoma attenuatum Van Dyke *Phloeopora oregona Casey *Placusa sp.
*Renardia nigrella Motschulsky *Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mannerheim
Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg *Spathius aphenges Matthews
S. sequoiae Ashmead *Thanasimus undatulus Say
Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim)
*Acrulia tumidula Maklin *Atheta sp.
Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) Coeloides brunneri Viereck *Eurytoma tomici Ashmead
Medetera aldrichii Wheeler *Phloeopora oregona Casey *Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mannerheim Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg Spathius sequoiae Ashmead *Thanasimus undatulus Say
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Pseudohylesinus tsugae Swaine *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher)
Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg Cheiropachus quadrum (Linneus)
Scolytus unispinosus LeConte *Agathidium obtusum Hatch *Asynapta sp.
*Cecidostiba thomsoni Crawgord Cheiropachus brunneri Crawford *Coeloides brunneri Viereck *Corticeus strub/e/ Blaisdell *Ecphylus californicus Rohwer *Enoclerus barri Knull
E. lecontei Wolcott
*Eurytoma phloeotribi Ashmead
*E. tomici Ashmead
*Gaurax dubius (Macquart) *Heydenia unica Cook and Davis *Lasconotus subcostulatus Kraus *L. pertenuis Casey
*Lonchaea corticis Taylor Macromesus americanus Hedavist *Medetera arctica VanDuzee *Palloptera terminalis Loew *Phloeonomus pusillus Gravenhorst *Renardia nigrella Motschulsky *Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mannerheim *R. grouvellei Mequignon *R. minutus Mannerheim *Spathius sequoiae Ashmead Spathius undatulus Say
Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) *Chymomyza aldrichii Sturtevant
*FEpuraea sp. *Odinia betulae Sabrosky
Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Swaine *Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher)
Annotated List of Insects Associated with Scolytids in Western Washington
Acrulia tumidula Maklin (Staphylinidae) Adults occur in galleries of scolytids in shaded conifers and broad- leaf trees, sometimes in rotten wood or under bark of trees not infested with scolytids; diet unknown.
Agathidium obtusum Hatch (Leiodidae) Adults occur in recently abandoned galleries of scolytids in shaded and exposed conifers; probably scavengers.
Ampedus anthracinus LeConte (Elateridae) Larvae are predators in galleries of subcortical insects in shaded or partially exposed conifers.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 ati
Asynapta sp. (Cecidomyiidae) Larvae feed on fungi in egg galleries of small scolytids in conifers and alder. Atheta sp. (Staphylinidae) Adults occur in galleries of scolytids, subcortical weevils and cerambycids in shaded conifers; diet unknown. Atrechus macrocephalus Nordmann (Staphylinidae) Adults and larvae occur in abandoned galleries of scolytids in shaded conifers; diet is probably fly larvae. Blacus sp. (Braconidae) Adults of this undescribed species enter galleries’ of Pseudohylesinus nebulosus to parasitize larval Lasconotus intricatus. Calosota pseudotsugae Burks (Eupelmidae) Larvae are hyperparasitoids within the cocoons of Spathius sequoiae in galleries of small scolytids in shaded conifers and alder. Cecidostiba acuta (Provancher) (Pteromalidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in shaded conifers and alder. Cecidostiba thomsoni Crawford (Pteromalidae) Cheiropachus brunneri Crawford (Pteromalidae) Larvae of both species are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in exposed conifers. Cheiropachus quadrum (Linneus) (Pteromalidae) Larvae are parasitoids of Sco/ytus rugu/osus larvae in Prunus. Chymomyza aldrichii Sturtevant (Drosophilidae) Larvae occur in galleries of ambrosia beetles in conifers and probably feed on fungi. Coeloides brunneri Viereck (Braconidae) Larvae are parasitoids of large scolytid and subcortical weevil larvae in shaded conifers. Corticeus occidentalis Wallis (Tenebrionidae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of Pityophthorus pseudotsugae in Abies; probably fungus feeders and facultative predators. Corticeus strublei Blaisdell (Tenebrionidae) Adults and larvae occur in scolytid galleries, usually in shaded conifers; probably fungus feeders and facultative predators. Cucujus Clavipes Fabricius (Cucujidae) Larvae are predators in galleries of cerambycids and large scolytids in shaded conifers. Dolurgus pumilus (Mannerheim) (Scolytidae) Adults and larvae are inquilines feeding on bark within the galleries of larger scolytids. Ecphylus bicolor Rohwer (Braconidae) Larvae are parasitoids of Pityophthorus larvae in pine. Ecphylus californicus Rohwer (Braconidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in exposed or semi-
278 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
exposed conifers.
Ecphylus pacificus Marsh (Braconidae) Larvae are parasitoids of Cryphalus pubescens larvae in shaded Douglas-fir twigs.
Enoclerus barri Knull (Cleridae) Larvae and adults are predators of small scolytids in exposed conifers.
Enoclerus lecontei Wolcott (Cleridae) Larvae and adults are predators of small and medium-sized scolytids in exposed or semiexposed conifers.
Epuraea truncatella Mannerheim (Nitidulidae) Adults occur in galleries of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae and Pissodes fasciatus in shaded Douglas-fir; diet unknown.
Epuraea sp. (Nitidulidae) Adults occur in galleries of Trypodendron lineatum,; diet unknown.
Eupelmelia vesicularis (Retzius) (Eupelmidae) Larvae are parasitoids of a great variety of hosts (Deyrup, 1975), occasionally occuring as a hyperparasitoid of chalcidoids in galleries of small scolytids.
Eurytoma phloeotribi Ashmead (Eurytomidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in exposed or semi- exposed conifers.
Eurytoma tomici Ashmead (Eurytomidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae, usually in shaded conifers.
Gaurax dubius (Macquart) (Chloropidae) Larvae occur in galleries of small scolytids in conifers; probably scavengers.
Heydenia unica Cook and Davis (Pteromalidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae, usually in shaded conifers.
/solomalus mancus Casey (Histeridae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of large scolytids in conifers, sometimes a year or more after the departure of the scolytids; probably predators feeding on fly larvae.
Karpinskiella sp. A (Pteromalidae) Larvae are internal parasitoids of adult Cryphalus pubescens in Douglas-fir; this species is apparently undescribed.
Karpinskiella sp. B (Pteromalidae) Larvae are internal parasitoids of adult Phloeotribus lecontei in Abies; another undescribed species.
Lasconotus intricatus Kraus (Colydiidae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of small scolytids in shaded conifers; larvae are predators of scolytid larvae and their para- sitoids.
Lasconotus pertenuis Casey (Colydiidae)
Lasconotus planipennis Kraus (Colydiidae)
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 279
Adults and larvae of both species occur rarely in galleries of small scolytids in pine; probably predators.
Lasconotus subcostulatus Kraus (Colydiidae) Adults and larvae are predators and fungus-feeders in galleries of small scolytids in exposed conifers.
Leptothorax acervorum Fabricius (Formicidae) Colonies occur in abandoned galleries of cerambycids, buprestids, and scolytids in conifers and broadleaf tree; colonies occasionally in unabandoned galleries of Dendroctonus; a colony in the laboratory consumed cerambycid larvae but rejected scolytid larvae.
Leptusa sp. (Staphylinidae) Adults occur in galleries, often abandoned galleries, of scolytids, curculionids, and cephaloids in shaded conifers; diet unknown.
Lonchaea corticis Taylor (Lonchaeidae) Larvae are scavengers or facultative predators of scolytids and weevils in exposed conifers.
Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) Larvae are scavengers in galleries of Dendroctonus and Pissodes in shaded Douglas-fir.
Macromesus americanus Hedavist (Pteromalidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae, usually in exposed conifers.
Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Dolichopodidae) Larvae are predators in galleries of scolytids in shaded conifers.
Medetera arctica Van Duzee (Dolichopodidae) Larvae are predators in galleries of scolytids in conifers, often occur under bark where only other fly larvae are present.
Medetera vidua Wheeler (Dolichopodidae) Larvae are predators in galleries of scolytids and curculionids in shaded conifers; this species prefers a moister habitat than that preferred by M. aldrichii and M. arctica.
Medetera sp. A (Dolichopodidae) Larvae of this unidentified bluish species are predators in galleries of scolytids in Douglas-fir and pine.
Medetera sp. B (Dolichopodidae) Larvae of this large apparently undescribed species with a dark area around the medial cross-vein were reared from galleries of /ps in spruce.
Nemosoma attenuatum Van Dyke (Trogositidae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of small scolytids in conifers; probably predators.
Nudobius cephalus Say (Staphylinidae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of scolytids in semiexposed conifers; probably predators on larval insects in scolytid egg galleries.
Odinia betulae Sabrosky (Odiniidae)
280 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Larvae occur in galleries of Trydodendron in conifers and broadleaf trees; probably predators. Palloptera terminalis Loew (Pallopteridae) Larvae feed on dead scolytid larvae in exposed conifers. Phloeonomus pusillus Gravenhorst (Staphylinidae) Phloeopora oregona Casey (Staphylinidae) Adults of both species occur in galleries of scolytids in conifers; diet unknown. Placusa sp. (Staphylinidae) Adults occur in galleries of Pseudohylesinus and Dendroctonus in shaded conifers; diet unknown; probably an undescribed species. Platysoma punctigerum LeConte (Histeridae) Adults and larvae are predators in galleries of scolytids in pine. Psilus atricornis (Ashmead) (Diapriidae) Larvae are parasitoids of Lonchaea corticis pupae in galleries of large scolytids in conifers; this species does not attack L. corticis in leaders of Picea. Quedius laevigatus Gyllenhal (Staphylinidae) Adults and larvae are predators in occupied or abandoned galleries of large scolytids in shaded conifers. Renardia nigrella Motschulsky (Staphylinidae) Adults and larvae feed on fungi in galleries of scolytids in conifers and alder. Rhinosimus viridiaeneus Randall (Salpingidae) Larvae and probably adults as well, feed on fungus in galleries of Alniphagus in alder; also occur under bark of broadleaf trees not inhabited by scolytids. Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mannerheim (Rhizophagidae) Rhizophagus grouvellei Mequignon (Rhizopagidae) Adults and larvae of both species occur in galleries of scolytids in conifers; probably predators. Rhizophagus minutus Mannerheim (Rhizophagidae) Adults and larvae occur in galleries of small scolytids in exposed conifers; probably a predator. Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg (Torymidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in conifers. Scatopsciara sp. (Sciaridae) Larvae are scavengers or fungus feeders in galleries of scolytids. Scoloposcelis flavicornis Reuter (Anthocoridae) Adults and nymphs are predators in galleries of scolytids in exposed or semiexposed conifers. Spathius sequoiae Ashmead (Braconidae) Larvae are parasitoids of small scolytid larvae in shaded or semi- exposed conifers. Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Trogositidae) Adults and larvae are predators of large scolytids in semiexposed conifers. .
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 281
Thanasimus undatulus Say (Cleridae)
Adults and larvae are usually predators of Pseudohylesinus species in shaded conifers.
Xylocoris sp. (Anthocoridae) Adults and nymphs are predators in galleries of scolytids and cerambycids in exposed conifers. |
Xylophagus abdominalis Loew (Xylophagidae) Larvae are general predators under bark of conifers.
Zabrachia polita Coquillett (Stratiomyidae) Larvae occur in galleries of scolytids in conifers; probably a scavenger.
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Notiohelea, A New Genus of Biting Midges of the Tribe Ceratopogonini from Chile
(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
William L. Grogan, Jr.
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State College, Salisbury, Maryland 21801
and
Willis W. Wirth
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, /! Bill, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560
An unusual biting midge recently collected by M.E. Irwin and L. Stange from southern Chile was found in material submitted for identification by Mr. Saul Frommer of the University of California at Riverside. This specimen is so different from its closest relatives that anew genus is proposed for it. The specimen has been mounted ona microscope slide in phenol-balsam in the manner of Wirth and Marston (1968). For an explanation of general terminology of Cera- topogonidae see Wirth et a/. (1977).
Notiohelea, new genus
Type-species, Notiohelea chilensis Grogan and Wirth, new species.
Etymology. — The generic name is a combination of Greek notios (southern) and heleijos (marsh dweller) referring to the fact that this midge occurs in the southern hemisphere.
Diagnosis. — A genus of biting midges of the tribe Ceratopogonini distinguished from all other ceratopogonid genera by the following combination of characters: Wing slightly infuscated, without pattern; two radial cells present, the second 2.5 times longer than the first and extending to 0.79 of wing length; mandible slender, reduced, without teeth; palpus five-segmented, third segment broad, bearing a large deep round pit; claws small, equal; fourth tarsomeres cylindrical; antenna short, stout (antennal ratio 0.80), the first flagellomere bearing eight sensilla coeloconica; two spermathecae.
Notiohelea keys to couplet 7, the tribe Stilobezziini, and couplet 31, genus Macrurohelea Macfie, in Wirth et a/. (1974). However, Macruro- helea has the posterior portion of the female abdomen elongated and bent forward ventrally while the new genus has a normal abdomen. Macrurohelea also differs in possessing a well-developed mandible with coarse teeth of the insectivorous type, cordiform fourth tarso- meres, and a slender third palpal segment. Both genera possess sensilla coeloconica on the first flagellomere, a character present in Ceratopogon and its relatives (tribe Ceratopogonini) but absent in Stilobezzia and its close relatives (tribe Stilobezziini). The fact that The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:283-286 October 1978
284 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
these genera key to the tribe Stilobezziini in Wirth ef a/. (1974) but more closely resemble Ceratopogon and its relatives in the tribe Cera- topogonini indicates that these two tribes need revising. We plan to revise the generic allocations for these tribes in a future paper.
Notiohelea also closely resembles Ceratopogon, which differs from Notiohelea in having three spermathecae, a well-developed mandible, cordiform fourth tarsomeres, and the second radial cell 1.5 times longer than the first. Species of the genus /sohe/ea with two sperma- thecae differ from Notiohelea by having a well-developed mandible, cordiform fourth tarsomeres, and the second radial cell about as long as the first. Protoculicoides, described by Boesel (1937) from Cretaceous Canadian amber, has a long costa, extending to 0.87 of wing length, but the radial cells are very narrow and the second radial cell is only 1.5 times longer than the first. This genus also differs from Notiohelea by having a long r-m crossvein joining the longitudinal veins at an oblique angle and having distinct humeral pits. Eohelea, described by Petrunkevitch (1957) from Oligocene Baltic amber, has a long costa extending to the wing tip and also differs from Notiohelea by having long claws. All other genera in the Ceratopogonini differ from Notiohelea by either having only one radial cell or a short costa not extending much beyond midlength of the wing.
Notiohelea chilensis, new species (Fig. 1)
Diagnosis. — Since only one species of the genus is known, its diagnosis is that of the genus.
Holotype female. — Wing length 1.33 mm; breadth 0.57 mm. Body moderately stout, nearly bare, uniformly covered with fine pubescence.
Head: Brown. Eyes bare, narrowly separated. Antenna with short scape bearing four pairs of setae; pedicel dark brown; flagellum (Fig. 1A) moderately stout; first flagellomere bearing eight sensilla coeloconica; proximal eight flagellomeres ovoid, each bearing a pair of trichoid sensilla; distal five flagellomeres with lengths gradually increasing distad; flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 18-11-12-12-13-13-12-12-13-14-16-17-22; antennal ratio 0.80. Palpus (Fig. 1B) five-segmented; moderately long, extending beyond tip of proboscis; segments with lengths in proportion of 8-12-20-9-16; third segment broad, with a large round deep sensory pit bearing numerous large capitate sensilla; palpal ratio 1.82. Proboscis moderately long, 0.56 as long as distance from tormae to base of interocular seta.
Thorax: Brown. Scutum broad and convex, apparently without humeral pits or anterior spine; scutellum with four bristles. Legs moderately slender; fore and hind femora slightly broader than mid femur; hind tibia with four large setae in tibial comb; tarsi as in Fig. 1C; fore tarsus with well developed palisade setae on proximal two tarsomeres, mid tarsus with a pair of large setae at apices of proximal three tarsomeres, hind tarsus with well developed palisade setae on proximal three tarsomeres; fourth tarsomeres subcy- lindrical, fifth tarsomeres (Fig. 1D) with small, equal claws. Wing (Fig. 16) slightly infus- cated brown; moderately broad, rounded distally, anal angle moderately well developed; surface covered with coarse microtrichia, macrotrichia present only on veins R, and distal half of R,,5; two radial cells present, second 2.5 times longer than first and extending to 0.79 of wing length; media petiolate, vein M, complete nearly to base. Halter brown.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 285
AA oe
Z D
Figure 1. Notiohelea chilensis female: A, antennal flagellum; B, palpus; C, tarsi, left to right fore, mid and hind; D. fifth tarsomeres and claws (fore, mid and hind); E, wing; F, spermathecae.
Abdomen: Brown. Moderately broad proximally, tapering distally at segment five; tenth sternum with one pair of large setae. Two spermathecae (Fig. 1F) present: subequal, each measuring 0.038 by 0.030 mm including neck; one spheroid, the other slightly retort shaped, both with broad short necks.
Male. — Unknown.
Etymology. — The specific name refers to Chile, where the type specimen was taken.
Type. — Holotype, female, Chile, Malleco Province, Termas da Rio Blanco (ca. 38° S lat.), 1080 M, 22 January 1967, M.E. Irwin and L. Stange (deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco).
Notiohelea is somewhat unusual in possessing a large palpal pit and sensilla coeloconica but having a reduced mandible. Palpal pits and sensilla coeloconica are thought to be chemoreceptors to aid midges in locating food organisms. In the Culicoidini these are usually warm-blooded vertebrates, and in the Ceratopogonini they are
286 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
nematocerous Diptera, including other ceratopogonids. If Notiohelea is incapable of taking a blood meal, as it appears to be, then the need for such a large palpal pit is unknown. The fact that it has sucha structure suggests that its ancestors probably took blood meals. The palpal pit may still aid it in locating a source of nectar on which to feed.
Notiohelea is probably a plesiotypic relictual genus as compared to most of the other genera in the Ceratopogonini. The large, round, palpal pit and small, equal claws are reminiscent of these structures in the Culicoidini and suggest that Notiohelea may be an annectant form linking that tribe with the Ceratopogonini. This agrees well with Downes’ (1977) statement that the Culicoidini are the most plesiotypic group in the Ceratopogoninae. The exact relationship of Notiohelea to other genera may be better understood when the male is discovered, at which time its genitalia may be compared to those of other taxa.
Literature Cited
Boesel, M.W. 1937. Order Diptera. Family Chironomidae. /n: F.W. Carpenter, et a/., Insects and arachnids from Canadian amber. Univ. Toronto Stud. Geol. Ser. no. 40: 44- 55.
Downes, J.A. 1977. Evolution of feeding habits in Ceratopogonidae. Mosquito News 37: 279-280.
Petrunkevitch, A. 1957. Eohelea, n. gen., n. sp., a striking example of paramorphism in an amber biting midge. J. Paleont. 31:208-214.
Wirth, W.W., and N. Marston. 1968. A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada balsam. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 783-784.
Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and F.S. Blanton. 1974. Synopsis of the genera of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Ann. Parasit. 49: 595-613.
Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland, XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 90: 615-647.
Taxonomy of the New Clerid Genus Bogcia from Mexico!
(Coleoptera) William F. Barr
University of |daho, Moscow, 83843
Examination of several collections of Mexican tilline Cleridae has indicated the presence of two, closely allied undescribed species belonging to anew genus. This genus represents another example of the considerable evolutionary development in the New World of a generic line heretofore containing Onychotillus, Lecontella, Cymatoderoides, Araeodontia, Bostrichoclerus and the very diverse Cymatodera. As part of a continuing study of Cymatodera and its allies, the new genus and species are here described and differentiated.
For allowing me the opportunity of studying specimens from col- lections in their care | am indebted to L. H. Herman, Jr., American Museum of Natural History; E. C. Becker, Canadian National Collec- tion; J. A. Chemsak, University of California, Berkeley; and R. O. Schuster, University of California, Davis.
Bogcia, new genus
Tillini, moderate-sized, rather slender, subparallel. Head short; labrum transverse, front margin slightly emarginate at middle; maxillary palpus with last segment elongate, sub- flattened; labial palpus with last segment strongly securiform; eyes large, coarsely granulate, feebly notched behind base of antenna; antenna extending to about base of elytra, eleven segmented, segments 1-3 subcylindrical, segment 1 enlarged, slightly curved, segments 2 and 3 feebly expanded apically, segments 4-10 strongly serrate, each about as broad as long and with a well-defined sensory area along outer margin, segment 11 about twice as long as segment 10. Pronotum subcylindrical, without lateral margins, anterior transverse depression and subbasal tumescences faintly indicated; sides shallowly constricted in front of and behind middle. Elytra covering abdomen, each elytron with ten rows of rather small deep punctures which gradually become smaller behind middle; shallow median depression at front margin. Legs rather slender; tarsi with segments visible from above; segments 1-4 with distinct plantulae; pretarsal claws rather long, inner margin of each claw with a short, triangular basal tooth and an acuminate outer tooth that nearly reaches apex of claw, outer tooth of protarsus slender, in close approximation with claw, outer tooth of meso- and metatarsi slightly thicker than and separated from apical section of claw. Abdomen of male without modification of sternites 5 and 6.
Type of genus: Bogcia disjuncta Barr, n. sp. In general appearance Bogcia resembles Cymatodera, and will run
‘Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as research paper no. 7861.
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288 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
out to this genus in most keys, but it has several unique features that offer an easy means of recognition. First, antennal segments 4-10 (Fig. 1) are much more strongly serrate than those of Cymatodera and each has a conspicuous sensory area along the outer margin. Second, the toothing of the pretarsal claws is not uniform as with Cymatodera. The protarsus of Bogcia has the outer tooth in close approximation with the claw (Fig. 2), whereas the meso and metatarsi have the outer tooth and the claw distinctly separated (Fig. 3) and similar to that of Cymatodera.
The generic name Bogcia is based on an arbitrary combination of letters. It is feminine in gender.
A Key to the Species of Bogcia
1. Body predominately light brown; elytra with base narrowly and irregularly dark brown or only with humeri darkened and with a broad, dark brown post median fascia extending obliquely from sides to suture; pronotum finely, transversely wrinkled and punctured; upper surface densely, conspicuously clothed WEVA Sih yas wea ie ae vagy wl ately disjuncta, Barrn. sp. — Body predominately pale testaceous; elytra with a small brown to black humeral spot and with a pair of large, black discal spots behind middle; pronotum finely punctured; upper surface densely, inconspicuously clothed with tawny hairs. ee eG Pee ee he eee oe TL Ay, oaxacae, Barrn. sp.
Bogcia disjuncta, new species (Figs. 1-6)
Male: medium-sized, light brown, head and pronotum darker, elytra narrowly dark brown across base and on humeri, each elytron with a broad, obliquely directed dark brown fascia extending from lateral margin to suture, margined in front by a narrow pale fascia. Head rather finely and sparsely punctured, sparsely clothed with short, semi- recumbent, fine whitish hairs; front feebly convex, distance between eyes 1.7 times greater than length of last antennal segment; antenna rather stout, ratio of lengths of segments one to eleven, 19:7:10:10:10:10:10:10:9:9:15, last segment irregularly elongate- oval, narrowly rounded at apex. Pronotum approximately one and one-half times longer than width across middle (83:56), width across front about equal to that across hind margin (53:51); surface rather finely, sparsely punctured and transversely wrinkled, rather densely clothed with short and long, suberect, anteriorly directed white hairs. Scute/lum nearly circular; hind margin notched; surface with a few punctures, densely pubescent. Elytra densely clothed with short and long, suberect, posteriorly directed whitish hairs; greatest length about three times the width across humeri (244:84); sides gradually but slightly expanded to behind middle, then narrowing to broadly rounded apices. Abdomen very sparsely punctured, clothed with rather long, subrecumbent whitish hairs; sternite 1 membranous except at sides; sternites 2 and 3 moderately pubescent, hind margin narrowly membranous; sternite 4 densely pubescent, hind margin narrowly membranous; sternite 5 moderately pubescent, sides nearly straight, gradually narrowing, then broadly rounded with hind margin which is shallowly arcuately emarginate medially; sternite 6 small, triangular, appearing to be approximately one-third as broad as sternite 5, hind
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 289
l
Figs. 1-5. Bogcia disjuncta. Fig. 1, antenna; Fig. 2, claw of protarsus; Fig. 3, claw of mesotarsus; Fig. 4, maxillary palpus; Fig. 5, labial palpus.
margin shallowly notched at middle. Length: 8.6 mm.
Holotype male and one male and one female paratypes from 5 mi. north of Mazatlan, Sjnaloa, VII-1-1965, J. A.and M. A. Chemsak and E. G. and J. N. Linsley; one male paratype from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, VII-22-1954, M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, Bradts; one male paratype from Santa Rosa, Lower California. Holotype in the California Academy of Sciences, paratypes in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, the University of California, Berkeley and W.F. Barr.
The female of B. disjuncta differs from the male by having the hind margin of the fifth abdominal sternite subtruncate and the hind margin of the sixth sternite nearly semicircularly rounded. Also, the ventral surface of the abdomen tends to be more uniformly
290 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
a. ths: /
|
I
Fig. 6, Bogcia disjuncta, dorsal view of holotype. Fig. 7. Bogcia oaxacae, dorsal view of holotype.
pubescent in the female than the male.
This species shows more variation in coloration and markings than does its sister species B. oaxacae. The paratype from Mazatlan is nearly pale testaceous and along with two other paratypes lacks a darkened elytral base, but has the humeri brown or black. Also, the Mazatlan paratype has the post median elytral fascia narrowed and nearly black. In overall length the type series ranges from 7.5 to 9.3 mm.
The sixth abdominal segment of the holotype appears to be telescoped into the fifth segment. One of the male paratypes has the sixth segment extended and it is as described for the holotype except the base is as broad as the apex of the fifth segment.
Bogcia oaxacae, new species (Fig. 7)
Male: medium-sized, pale testaceous, each elytron with a small, elongate, black humeral marking which is bordered externally by an indistinct pale area and with a large, subquadrate, somewhat obliquely directed, black, post median discal marking which is bordered anteriorly by an indistinct pale fascia. Head finely, rather densely punctured, indistinctly clothed with short, subrecumbent, fine tawny hairs and one longer erect hair at upper margin of eyes; front feebly convex; eyes with distance between them across front 1.8 times greater than length of last antennal segment; antennae rather stout, ratio of lengths of segments one to 11, 15:7:9:9:8:8:7:7:7:7:14, last segment irregularly elongate- oval, narrowly rounded at apex. Pronotum approximately one and one half times longer than width across middle (76:50), slightly broader across front than across hind margin (53:45); surface finely and sparsely punctured, rather densely but inconspicuously
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 29)
clothed with short, subrecumbent and long, suberect, anteriorly directed, fine tawny hairs. Scutellum nearly circular; hind margin notched; surface sparsely punctured and pubescent. Elytra densely but inconspicuously clothed with short and a few longer, sub- erect, posteriorly directed tawny hairs; greatest length about three times the width at humeri (213:73); sides subparallel, very slightly expanded behind middle; apices broadly rounded. Abdomen sparsely punctured, inconspicuously clothed with rather long, subre- cumbent tawny hairs; sternite 1 membranous except at sides and anteriorly; sternite 2 with hind margin broadly membranous medially; sternites 3 and 4 with hind margins narrowly membranous; sternite 5 with sides nearly straight, gradually narrowing, then broadly rounded with hind margin which is shallowly arcuately emarginate medially; sternite 6 small subtriangular, at base approximately one-half as broad as sternite 5, hind margin broadly, shallowly emarginate. Length: 5.7 mm.
Holotype male and three female paratypes from 23 mi. south of Matias Romero, Oaxaca, IV-6-1962, F. D. Parker and L. A. Stange. Five male and seven female paratypes with same locality and collector labels, IV-22-1962 and VIII-14-1963. One male paratype from 19 mi. south of Matias Romero, Oaxaca, V1-24/ 25-1969, D. Bright and J. M. Campbell. Holotype deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes in the collections of the University of California, Davis, the Canadian National Collection and W. F. Barr.
The female of B. oaxacae differs from the male by having the ventral surface of the abdomen more sparsely pubescent and the sides and hind margin of the sixth sternite broadly rounded.
Bogcia oaxacae is remarkably uniform in coloration and markings. Only the dark humeral spots show variation. On seven specimens of the type series the spots are black, on others they are brown and in three instances they are nearly gone. The type series ranges in overall length from 5.7 to 10.8 mm.
With all male specimens examined, the sixth abdominal segment appears to be slightly telescoped into the fifth segment.
A New Species of Hypochrysa and a New Subgenus and Species of Mallada
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Phillip A. Adams
Dept. Biological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton 92634
Recently examined at the U.S. National Museum are specimens of two particularly interesting new chrysopids. One constitutes the only record of a member of the archaic subfamily Nothochrysinae for South America. Although Hypochrysa argentina Nav&s has turned out to be a Suarius (Adams 1975), it now appears that there is a Hypochrysa in Argentina after all.
Hypochrysa viridula, new species -
Face short, eyes only shallowly domed, labrum incised,head, palps, scapes yellow green, pedicel and flagellum pale brown, segments elongate. Body pale green, pronotum short and broad, setae sparse, pale. Wing venation all green, stigmata opaque green, setae on veins sparse, very short, pale..In forewing, microtrichiated area extends to cubi- tal fork. Venation as in Figure 1. In forewing, subcostal crossvein nearer to first than to second medial crossvein, second medial crossvein far basad of base of intramedial cell, six marginal forks of branches of RS+MA, second and third anal veins bend toward one another apically, and are connected by a short crossvein. In hindwing, venational pattern much as in H. pernobilis. Female with ninth tergite and ectoprocts entirely separate, ninth tergite unusually broad (Fig. 3). Eighth sternite (subgenitale) large, heavily sclerotized, trapezoidal; inter-segmental membrane infolded to form a deep pocket (Fig. 4, dashed line) opening anteriorly to subgenitale and confluent laterally with copulatory bursa. Bursal glands (Fig. 5) unusually large, with spinose surfaces, spermatheca pillbox-shaped with vela and slit opening dorsally to bursa; ventral invagination present, spermathecal duct short, well sclerotized.
Measurements (mm): antenna 6.6, forewing 9.2, hindwing 8.2.
Holotype female: Argentina, Missiones, Iguazu, 4-10 Oct. 1927, R.C. and E.M. Shannon, USNM.
This is a very small, stout-bodied species, at first glance resem- bling a Chrysopiella. The specimen is badly faded, but probably was all green in life. The wings are more slender than those of H. nobilis, the gradate cells with straighter margins, but the venational pattern is very similar. In H. pernobilis, the second and third anal veins of the forewing are fused apically; in H. viridula these veins show a condi- tion which could well presage that of H. pernobilis. | have not had an opportunity to examine the female genitalia of H. pernobilis.
Kimochrysa, a South African nothochrysine genus, differs from Hypochrysa in that the female has an extremely long spermathecal
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:292-296 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 293
Fig. 1-5. Hypochrysa viridula. Fig. 1, wing venation, Fig. 2, head, Fig. 3, female abdomen, showing copulatory bursa, bursal glands, and sper- matheca in situ, Fig. 4 subgenitale (sternite 8), ventral, dashed line posterior to sternite 7 indicates extent of invagination, Fig. 5, spermatheca and bursa from above, bursal gland texture shown on one side only. Abbreviation: bg — bursal gland.
duct, small cordate subgenitale and subgenital unsclerotized basally (Tjeder, 1966). The venation is smaller in both genera, but in Kimochrysa the anal veins of the forewing are unspecialized, and the second median crossvein lies much nearer the intramedian cell. The subcostal crossvein is near the origin of RS in Kimochrysa, but near the base of the wing in Hypochrysa.
Based upon venational and genitalic characters, the new species is more similar to the European H. pernobilis than to the geographically nearer Kimochrysa. Admittedly, this assertion might be made more strongly, if the male genitalia were known. Adams (1967) has reviewed the Nothochrysinae, the living members of which are similar to early
294 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
SCO OF 2D OG GN 0 GS 0 a a a oe 7 -
[ [TT eX
Fig. 6. Mallada (Triadochrysa) triangularis. Wings of Holotype.
Tertiary species. The subfamily exhibits a relict distribution, with species in Europe, South Africa, Western North America, South America, Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania. It is apparent that H. viridula is another survivor of aonce extensive early chrysopid fauna.
Mallada Navas
This genus is well represented in the Old World, but has until now, only three representatives in the New World. All are indigenous to the United States, although one species, M. perfectus (Banks) ranges into Mexico (Adams 1975).
Triadochrysa, new subgenus
Mandibles asymmetrical, left-toothed. Antennae shorter than wings. Venation (Fig. 6) as in Ma/lada except three gradate series are present. Caliciform organs (cuticular glands) on pronotum and central region of mesonotum in male, no abdominal microtholi. Male genitalia include tignum, gonarcus with wide mediuncus and prominent entoprocessus, hypandrium internum with comes, gonapsis, and gonocristae. Female spermatheca rounded posteriorly, with ventral incision.
Type species: Mallada (Triodochrysa) triangularis, n. sp.
_This subgenus shares with Ma/lada the general arrangement of male genitalia; presence of caliciform organs, and venational pattern, especially the form of the inner gradate series, which extends basad parallel to psm, and ends on a branch of RS. The only strongly dis- tinctive feature is the extra gradate series, which considering the
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 295
EAA) aS ie Maye) Na
ais
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BBLAEESINTA Nin, Yay
Fig. 7-14. Mallada (Triadochrysa) triangularis. Fig. 7, head and thorax, from above, Fig. 8, male abdomen, lateral, Fig. 9, tignum and gonarcus, lateral, Fig. 10, mediuncus, dorsal, Fig. 11, genital armature, Fig. 12, female abdomen, lateral, Fig. 13, subgenitale (sternite 8) ventral, Fig. 14, spermatheca, ventrolateral. Abbreviations: ent — entoprocessus, gc — gonocristae, gp — gonapsis, hy.i. — hypandrium internum, ti — tignum.
venational conservatism in this family, may be regarded as signifi- cant. The reduced, straplike gonapsis differs from the usual three- pronged one of Mallada. The name Tiadochrysa is feminine, from the Greek triado-, three, and -chrysa, golden.
Mallada (Triadochrysa) triangularis, new species
Head (Fig. 7) broad, eyes large, face short. Face ivory, black triangular interantennal mark (absent in some specimens), labrum with lateral black spots, genae black-striped,
296 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
mandibles black-striped basally, apical three palpomeres black. Antennae pale. Pronotum quadrate, anterior corners rounded, transverse furrow well developed, broadly ivory medially, two lateral red-brown spots, often connected as a Zig-zagged stripe, margin green, setae pale. Mesoscutum with small black spots at prescutal suture, extending as small red marks on mesoprescutum. Remainder of thorax and abdomen green, pleurae pale. Legs slender, tarsal claw toothed.
Wings (Fig. 6) broad, blunt-tipped. Forewing: seven apparent pseudomedial crossveins beyond intramedian cell. Intermediate gradate series sometimes slightly irregular, one or two extra crossveins may be present. Dark: costals, radials, origin RS, bases of proximal branches of RS, gradates, medials, pseudomedials, base CuP, cubitals, pseudocubitals (irregularly), marginal forks at fork, and proximal branches. Most dark veins also narrowly dark-bordered.
Hindwing: venation pale except basal costals, apical radials, and gradates.
Male abdomen (Fig. 8): ectoproct prolonged as a short ligulate clasper. Tignum (Fig. 11) slender, with median process. Gonarcus flexed away from mediuncus base medially, forming a shallow dorsal cavity. Mediuncus rugose dorsally, median process bears laterally thin fin-like processes (Fig. 10). Entoprocessus digitiform, gonosaccus without setae, hypandrium internum bears large comes, gonapsis straplike with ill-defined margins, gonocristae in form of pointed scales.
Female abdomen (Fig. 12); not distinctive, subgenitale (Fig. 13) with large ventral pit, copulatory bursa a simple wrinkled sac with the usual two bursal glands, spermatheca (Fig. 14) with rounded posterior chamber, vela elongated, curved.
Measurements (mm; ranges, means in parentheses): male forewing 14.5 (15.4) 16.0, hindwing 13.4 (13.8) 14.3, antennae 10 (10.4) 11.5; female forewing 14.8 (16.4) 17.3 hind- wing 13.2 (14.7) 16.0, antenna 11 (11.6) 11.7. (N = 10, wings; = 5, antennae.)
Holotype male, allotype female (both USNM) and 25 paratopotypes: Mexico, Hidalgo, Nr. Jacala, July 2-3, 1965, Flint and Ortiz (6 PA, 2 MCZ, 2 Mus. Nac. Cd. Mexico, 15 USNM). Additional paratypes: Mexico, V-26-49, Brownsville, Texas 67087, 49.9991. orchid plant (female, USNM); Hidalgo, nr. ZimapAn, June 28, 1965, O.S. Flint (3 males 12 females, USNM), Michoacan, 3 mi. east Carapan, July 10, 1963, F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange (3 males, PA); Puebla, 14 mi. W. Huauchinango, June 17, 1951, H.E. Evans (male, PA).
Acknowledgements
Oliver Flint kindly made the USNM specimens available. Lionel Stange has been generous with neotropical material. Roger C. Smith deserves recognition for recognizing early that Triadochrysa was dis- tinctive; a specimen was included in a shipment of unidentifiable material which he had accumulated over the years, and was gracious enough to send onto me.
Literature Cited
Adams, P. 1967. A Review of the Mesochrysinae and Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 135: 215-238.
Adams, P. 1975. Status of the Genera Ungla and Mal/ada Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Psyche 82: 167-173.
Tjeder, B. 1966. Neuroptera Plannipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. S. Afr. Animal Life 12: 228-534.
A new Pterallastes species from China (Diptera: Syrphidae) F. Christian Thompson
4255 South 35th Street, Arlington, Virginia 22206
Since my revision of the genus Pterallastes (Thompson, 1974) a single new species has been discovered. This species is described here to make the name available for the forthcoming Guide and Catalog of Palaearctic Syrphidae (Thompson and Pedersen, in press). The characters of this new species verify the previously proposed phylogeny of the genus.
-Pterallastes bettyae, new species
Male. Head: orange except black vertex and occiput; face golden pollinose, with tubercle low and indistinct as in thoracicus Loew; cheek shiny on anterior half, yellowish gold pollinose and white pilose on posterior half; frontal lunule orange; frontal triangle slivery pollinose; vertical triangle silvery pollinose except brownish pollinose ocellar triangle, yellow pilose; occiput silvery white pollinose and pilose on lower half, becoming yellow on upper half. Antenna orange, black pilose; third segment.small, about as large as metathoracic spiracle; arista orange, with tip slightly brownish.
Thorax. Black; dorsum brownish-yellow pollinose medially, yellow pollinose laterally, tawny pilose, with pile short except for long bristlelike hairs above wings and on postalar callus; scutellum dull black except sparsely silvery pollinose on apical margin, tawny pilose, with white ventral fringe; pleura silvery pollinose, yellowish to white pilose; squama white with orange fringe and margin; plumula white. Wings: with a slight brownish tinge, microtrichose except bare narrowly behind anal vein and in front of auxilliary vein; third vein (R ,+,) with a deep loop in apical cell, slightly deeper than in bomboides Thompson. Legs: orange except brownish-black coxae and slight brownish tinge on front tarsus, shiny except pollincse coxae; coxae silvery pollinose, yellow pilose; hind coxa with a marginal row of black bristlelike hairs; pile mainly orange, black on anterior half of front tarsus, hind trochanter, ventral third of hind femur and anteromedial third of hind tibia, brownish black on anteroapical two-thirds of front tibia.
Abdomen: Dorsum appearing bluish black to naked eye, but appears as follows under strong light and through a microscope; first tergum dark reddish brown, sparsely white pollinose, white pilose with a few scattered black hairs medially; second tergum with large triangular lateral steel blue spots, with spots extending to medial one quarter and to basal and apical one eighth, rest of tergum dull black, white pilose except black pilose narrowly on apicolateral margin and expanding basomedially to basal one eighth of tergum; third tergum dark reddish brown, with basolateral corners steel blue, sparsely white pollinose on basal margin, dull black pollinose elsewhere, white pilose narrowly along basal and most of lateral margins, black pilose and with black pile narrowly reaching lateral margin at apex of tergum; fourth tergum similar to third except shiny reddish brown instead of dull black; genitalia shiny reddish brown, black pilose.
Male genitalia: surstylus triangular, slightly concave on apicoventral margin, with a slight ridge on inner face half way along ventral margin; left surstylus produced more ventrally; ninth sternum sparsely pilose ventrally with ventrolateral membranous areas
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298 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Figs. 1-5, Pterallastes bettyae Thompson, new species (holotype), male genitalia. Fig. 1. Ninth tergum and associated structures, lateral view; Fig. 2. Left surstylus, lateral view; Fig. 3. Ninth sternum and associated structures, lateral view; Fig. 4. Apical half of 9th sternum and associated structures, dorsal view; Fig. 5. Aedeagus and apodme, lateral view.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 299
small and apicomedial to lateral processes, with lateral process bifid apically and directed dorsoapically; superior lobes pilose dorsobasally, produced into long slender apical prong with three small ventral teeth and a small apicolateral membranous area, with two long bristles on ventroapical margin; aedeagus with lateral lobe triangular, with apical process slender and strongly produced posteriorly and with ventral margin only slightly irregular; ejaculatory apodeme mushroom shaped; aedeagal apodeme stout, laterally expanded anteriorly so as to appear triangular in dorsal view, with a narrow posteroventral process.
Material examined: Holotype male, ‘‘CHINA, Kwanhsien, Jul ’30”; paratype male, “CHINA, Kwan, 9 Aug ’30’’; both specimens from A.L. Melander collection and in the U.S. National Museum. See below for discussion of type locality.
Pterallastes bettyae is readily distinguished from all other Pteral- lastes species by its orange face, cheeks and legs. The sister-group of bettyae is thoracicus Loew; these species share a reduction of the ventral lobe of the surstyle, enlargement of the bifurcation of ventro- lateral lobe on the 9th sternum and a shortening of the superior lobe (see Thompson, 1974, diagr. 1). It is my pleasure to name this pretty species after my wife.
The label localities, “Kwan” and ‘‘Kwanhsien’’, probably refer to the same area but that area could be one of three: ‘‘hsien” is a chinese word for a second order administrative division; ‘‘Kwan”’ is usually written as ‘‘Kuan’’; and there are three ‘‘Kuanhsien” in China, one in Shantung Province (86°29'N, 116°18'E), another in Hopeh Pro- vince (39°27'N, 116°18' E), and the last in Szechuan Province (31°00' N, LOS? 37").
Literature Cited
Thompson, F.C. 1974. The genus Pterallastes Loew (Diptera: Syrphidae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 82(1):15-29, 20 figs. 1 diagr., 1 map.
Thompson, F.C. and E. Torp Pedersen. In press. Flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of the palaearctic region - a Guide and Catalog. Entomonograph, Kopehagen.
Mayflies of the Southwest: New Species and Records of Dactylobaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)
Richard K. Allen and Esther S. M. Chao’ California State University, Los Angeles 90032
A recent study of mayfly collections from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas has: revealed undescribed species, and a new distributional record of Dactylobaetis Traver & Edmunds. Types of new species are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS). In the accounts dealing with the species, collections made by the senior author are in- dicated by the initials RKA. Abbreviations for collections in which specimens are deposited are as follows: CSULA, California State Universi- ty, Los Angeles; NTSU, North Texas State University, Denton. We thank Kenneth W. Stewart and William Stark, North Texas State University, for the loan of specimens.
Genus Dactylobaetis
Traver & Edmunds (1968) described and named 13 species from North, Central and South America, and only two were from North America north of Mexico. Dactylobaetis warreniis known only from central California, and D. cepheus is known from Idaho and Oregon. This report includes names and descriptions of three additional species from Arizona and New Mexico, and a new record of D. mexicanus Traver & Edmunds from Texas.
Dactylobaetis navis, new species
Nymph. Length: body 6.0-7.0 mm.; caudal filaments broken. General color pale with brown markings. Head pale; vertex pale. Thoracic nota pale with brown markings; thoracic sterna pale; legs pale with brown markings; femora pale, brown apically; dorsal margin femora with moderate- ly long row setae (Fig. 9); tibiae pale; tarsi pale; tarsal claws brown: tarsal claws warrenttype, with 5-8 denticles (Fig. 13). Abdominal terga pale with small inverted U-shaped markings on terga 2-8 and without sublateral oblique brown markings (Fig. 1); abdominal gills pale, gills with faint chitinized band along outer margin and gill trachea pale (Fig. 5); abdominal sterna pale; sterna with posterior sublateral, dark, thin longitudinal markings. Caudal filaments pale, setae pale.
Type. Holotype: mature female nymph, San Juan River at Shiprock, 1500M. (4,965'), San Juan County, New Mexico, 28-VI-64, RKA (CAS).
Remarks. The nymphal stage of D. navis is distinguished from all other described species by the following combination of characters: (1) tarsal Claws of the warrenftype; (2) abdominal terga with small inverted U-shaped markings and without oblique markings; (3) femora with moderately long setae on dorsal margins; and (4) the presence of a faint chitinized band
' The research on which this report is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. BMS 75-17661.
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301
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978
Figs. 1-4. Abdomens, dorsal view, of Dactylobaetis nymphs: Fig. 1, D. navis; Fig. 2, D. salinus;
Fig. 3
D. mexicanus; Fig. 4, D. trivialis. Figs. 5-8. Fourth gill of Dactylobaetis nymphs: Fig. 5, D.
Fig. 6, D. salinus; Fig. 7, D. mexicanus; Fig. 8, D. trivialis.
!
navis,;
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along outer margin of gills, and trachea pale. Traver & Edmunds (1968) report nymphs of Dactylobaetis from the Virgin River, Washington Co., Utah, as possible allies to D. cepheus Traver & Edmunds. On the basis of distribution these nymphs are tentatively assigned as D. navis.
Dactylobaetis salinus, new species
Nymph. Length: body 5.5-6.5 mm.; caudal filaments 1.0-2.0 mm. General color pale with brown to dark brown markings. Head pale; vertex pale. Thoracic nota pale with faint brown markings; thoracic sterna pale; legs pale with brown markings; femora pale, brown apically; dor- sal margin femora with row long setae (Fig. 10); tibiae pale, brown apically, tarsi pale, brown apically; tarsal claws brown; tarsal claws musserttype, with 30-40 denticles (Fig. 14). Abdominal terga pale with dark brown submedian parallel longitudinal lines (Fig. 2); abdominal gills pale, trachea dark; giils with chitinized band along outer margin (Fig. 6); abdominal sterna pale with fine dark markings; abdominal sterna 7-9 with thin transverse anterior markings; sterna with posterior sublateral markings. Caudal filaments pale, setae pale.
Types. Holotype: mature female nymph, Salt River on Highway 288, 825 m. (2,700'), Gila County, Arizona, 20-VII-70, RKA (CAS). Paratopotype: 1 female nymph, same data as holotype (CSULA).
Remarks. The nymph of D. salinus is distinguished from all other North American Dactylobaetis by the following combination of characters: (1) tar- sal claws of the nusserHtype; (2) abdominal terga with submedian parallel longitudinal lines; (3) the presence of long setae on dorsal margins of femora; and (4) the presence of a well defined chitinized band along outer margin of gills, and with dark trachea.
Dactylobaetis trivialis, new species
Nymph. Length: body 5.5-6.5 mm.; caudal filaments 1.5-2.5 mm. General color pale with brown to dark brown markings. Head pale with brown markings; vertex usually brown, and brown marking between ocelli. Thoracic nota pale with complex dark brown pattern; thoracic sterna pale; legs pale with brown markings; femora pale, brown apically; dorsal margin femora with moderately long row setae (Fig. 12); tibiae pale, with faint brown marking at each apex; tarsi pale, brown apically; tarsal claws brown; tarsal claws warrenHtype, with 5-8 denticles (Fig. 16). Abdominal terga pale with submedian oblique dark brown markings; abdominal terga 1-7 with transverse inverted U-shaped dark brown markings (Fig. 4); abdominal gills pale, trachea dark; gills without chitinized band along outer margin (Fig. 8); abdominal sterna pale, often with fine dark markings; abdominal sterna 3-9 often with thin transverse anterior markings; sterna often with posterior sublateral thin longitudinal marking. Caudal filaments pale, setae brown.
Types: Holotype: mature female nymph, Verde River at Camp Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona, 18-Vil-70, RKA (CAS). Paratopotypes: 1 male and 4 female nymphs, same data as holotype (CSULA). Paratypes: 1 female nymph, Oak Cr. nr. Cornville, Yavapai Co., Arizona, 18-VII-70, RKA; 2 male and 6 female nymphs, Oak Cr. at Red Rock Crossing, Yavapai Co., Arizona, 17/18- Vil-70, RKA; 1 male and 3 female nymphs, Ft. Apache Ind. Res., N. Fk. White Riv., Navajo Co., Arizona, 5-VIl-64, RKA; 8 male and 13 female nymphs, Salt Riv. on Hwy. 288, Gila Co., Arizona, 20-VIl-70, RKA; 1 male and 1 female nymphs, E. Verde Riv. on Hwy. 87, Gila Co., Arizona, 18/19-VIl-70, RKA; 1 female nymph, Gila Riv. nr. Cliffon Hwy. 180, Grant Co., New Mexico, 21- Vil-70, RKA; 1 male nymph, Cimarron Riv. at Cimarron, Colfax Co., New Mexico, 23-VIll-70, RKA; 2 male and 4 female nymphs, E. Fk. Gila Riv. on Hwy. 527, Grant Co., New Mexico, 21-VII-70, RKA; above paratypes in collection (CSULA).
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 303
Figs. 9-12. Fore legs, anterior view, of Dactylobaetis nymphs: Fig. 9, D. navis; Fig. 10, D. salinus; Fig. 11, D. mexicanus; Fig. 12, D. trivialis. Figs. 13-16. Tarsal claws of Dactylobaetis nymphs: Fig. 13, D. navis; Fig. 14, D. salinus; Fig. 15, D. mexicanus; Fig. 16, D. trivialis.
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Biology. Nymphs were collected during the months of July and August from streams between 825m-2075m (2, 700-6,800 feet) elevation and with water temperature ranges between 20-28°C (68-62°F).
Remarks. The nymphs of D. trivialis can be distinguished from all described species of North American Dactylobaetis by the following com- bination of characters: (1) tarsal claws of the warrenrtype; (2) abdominal terga with dark oblique markings and small median U-shaped markings; (3) with moderately long setae on dorsal margin of femora; and (4) the absence of a chitinized band along outer margin of gills, and with dark trachea.
Dactylobaetis mexicanus Traver & Edmunds
Nymph. Length: body 5.0-6.0 mm.; caudal filaments 1.0-2.0 mm. General color pale with brown markings. Head pale with brown markings; vertex usually brown. Thoracic nota pale with brown markings; thoracic sterna pale; legs pale with brown markings; femora pale, brown apical- ly; dorsal margin femora with long setae (Fig. 11); tibiae pale; tarsi pale, brown apically; tarsal claws brown; tarsal claws warrenttype, with 5-8 denticles (Fig. 15). Abdominal terga pale with submedian oblique markings; abdominal terga 1-3 and 6-7 with transverse inverted U-shaped markings (Fig. 3); abdominal gills pale, trachea faint; gills without chitinized band along outer margin (Fig. 7); abdominal sterna pale. Caudal filaments pale, setae brown.
New Record: TEXAS: Palo Pinto County. Brazos River, 23-VII-71, W. Stark (NTSU).
Literature Cited
Traver, J. R. & G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. A revision of the Baetidae with spatulate-clawed nymphs (Ephemeroptera). Pacific Insects 10:629-677.
Aggregation Pheromone in the Larvae of Tipu/a simplex Doane: Mode of Action and Site of Production’
(Diptera: Tipulidae) by Margaret J. Hartman, Judith A. Surfleet
Dept. of Biol., California State University, Los Angeles 90032 and C. Dennis Hynes Biol. Dept., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407
Tipula simplex Doane, the range crane fly, was first described in 1901, and most subsequent references to the animal concern the destruc- tiveness of the larval stages during periodic but as yet unpredictable out- breaks. Doane (1908) described one such outbreak in which he counted densities as high as 43, 400 larvae/m’.
In nonoutbreak years, density measurements are exacerbated by clumped distribution in the eggs and late instar larvae. The eggs, first instar larvae and early second instar larvae are clumped where the eggs are laid, the late second instar larvae disperse through the grass, and the third and fourth instar larvae are aggregated under cowpads and other debris (Hart- man and Hynes, 1977).
Hartman and Hynes (1977) indicated that light and moisture influence the behavior of the larvae, and postulated that these factors affected the distribution of third and fourth instar larvae. They also found that filter paper impregnated with T. simplex feces had many more larvae aggregated under it than did filter paper impregnated with water (Hartman and Hynes, 1977) or with extract of cowpads (unpublished data).
This paper reports on tests carried out to determine the source and mode of action of the aggregation pheromone.
Methods and Materials
Fourth instar larvae of 7ipu/la simplex were collected from under year old cowpads in unirrigated pasture belonging to the Boston Land Company in Yokohl Valley, Tulare County, Calif. The larvae were placed in a covered plastic container with small pieces of cowpad to provide food and moisture. In the laboratory the larvae were placed at 4°C until used.
Two possible sources of the pheromones were collected for use in the ex- periments - feces, and a brown fluid exuded from the anus. Larvae were placed in compartments with screen bottoms and were covered with sheets
Vel , \ : Financial assistance supplied by the J.G. Boswell Company, Los Angeles. The authors would like to thank the Tulare County Agricultural Commission for their assistance in this project.
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306 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
of damp filter paper which fit closely into each individual compartment and lay directly on top of the larvae. The fecal material fell through the screen onto damp filter paper. The brown fluid, hereafter referred to as spots, was absorbed by the filter paper on top of the larvae. Ten animals were placed in each compartment and left 18 hours at 4°C.
The spot sheets were air dried and used for testing within six hours. The feces were ground into a powder and 0.1 g was spread on each 12.7-15.2 cm sheet of damp filter paper. The sheets were air dried and held for testing. Both spot and feces paper were cut to fit the apparatus to be used ona given day.
A T-maze was used to determine if the pheromone acted as an attrac- tant. The long section of the apparatus was 30.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and 3.8 cm deep and was separated from the entry arm by a removeable panel. The entire maze was covered by a lid which helped to reduce air movement and to stabilize the moisture level in the maze. Temperature and illumina- tion remained constant at 23°C and 0.76 lux. A larva was placed in the short entry arm and as soon as the larva entered one of the long arms its choice was recorded. Twenty control tests were run with water im- pregnated filter paper which covered the bottom of both arms as a test for bias in the maze or the larvae. Then three series of tests (10 larvae each) were conducted: (1) feces impregnated paper in the right arm, water im- pregnated paper in the left; (2) feces impregnated paper in the left arm, water impregnated paper in the right arm; (3) spot impregnated paper in the right arm, water impregnated paper in the left arm. Each animal was used in one replicate of one test and then discarded.
A second method of testing attractancy was devised, and used to test for attractancy of different concentrations of the feces. A circular glass con- tainer 4.8 cm in diameter with four side exit tubes 1 cm in diameter arrang- ed at 90° angles was used. Papers were prepared with either water, 10°, or 10° dilution of feces in distilled water. For each test two arms contained water impregnated papers and two contained papers impregnated with the same dilution of pheromone. A larva was placed in the center of the con- tainer and when it entered one of the side arms the choice was recorded. Ten tests were run with each dilution; each larva was used only once and then discarded.
Tests for locomotory inhibition were carried out ina 12cm x 11cm box. In the bottom of the box we placed a piece of graph paper and covered it with a piece of filter paper. When the filter paper was dampened, the grid of the graph was visible. The light was kept constant at 0.76 lux and the temperature was monitored. Each larva was placed in the center of the box and every square that the larva touched for the next 30 minutes was record- ed, including reentry into a previously touched square. Because a great deal of variation exists in the rate of movement among individual larvae, each larva was used for three tests (1) a control test with water dampened filter paper (2) one with feces impregnated filter paper (3) one with spot im- pregnated filter paper. Each larva was tested on three consecutive days.
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 307
We varied the order of the tests to determine if time of day or learning had an effect on the performance of any larva. Ten larvae were used in this ex- periment. The temperature in the box fluctuated between 22.8° and 23.9°C, so we ran an analysis of variance for the regression between move- ment and temperature.
To determine the site of pheromone production, four larvae were dissected, the digestive tract separated into (1) esophagus and proven- triculus (2) gastric caeca (3) ventriculus (4) intestinal caecum and (5) in- testine, and the organs and contents were homogenized in 2 ml of distilled water immediately before use. The terminology used for the organs of the digestive tract is that of Byers (1961) for Dolichopeza, a related genus.
Six filter paper strips were evenly spaced along the length of a 10x100 cm box on top of a layer of damp eccospheres (a chemically inert artificial medium which passes through a screen, 10 meshes/cm). The papers were separated by a 2mm gap to prevent the test substances from leaking from one paper to the next. The six papers were moistened with either water or one of the tissue extracts. Seven larvae were placed on each paper, the lid was put on, and the box was left in a dark room for 24 hours. The larvae were removed after their location had been recorded. This test was repeated a second time with the order of the papers changed.
To observe the histological details, we made serial sections of the digestive tract. Fourth instar larvae were preserved in Bouin’s solution, dehydrated, embedded in paraplast, cut at 17 um on an AO rotary microtome, stained in acid fuchsin and Mallory’s triple and destained with 2% phosphomolybdic acid (Galigher and Kozloff, 1964).
Results
Attractancy
Using the initial preference of the twenty control larvae (no pheromone in the maze) a binomial test was made which indicated there was no bias in the maze or the larvae (60% into right arm, 40% into the left).
The two possible sources of pheromone and a combination of the two sources were analyzed statistically for attractancy. 58% of the larvae chose feces impregnated paper over water; 50% of the larvae chose spot impregnated paper over water. The results were nonsignificant.
In the tests with the glass cylinder, the larvae also showed no significant preferences for either concentration of feces (40% preferred feces at either concentration)
Locomotory Inhibition
An analysis of variance for the regression between temperature and movement gave f=.291 indicating no correlation between these 2 variables. A multiple group analysis of the data showed no significant dif- ference between data collected in the morning or afternoon, and no dif- ference between days and no significant interaction between the variables. The results of the paired-difference tests to compare the number of squares
308 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Table 1. Rates of Locomotion in the Presence of Test Substances
Source Mean#squaresexpt. Mean#squarescont. Mean diff. x? Significance Feces 15.5 70.9 55.4 5267.44 p<.05 Spots 44.8 77.6 S1.f 3099.8 n.s.
a larva moved on the pheromone impregnated papers versus the control papers are shown in Table 1. The feces significantly reduced the movement of the larvae; the spots did not.
Site of Production
A comparison of the number of larvae which aggregated on the extract of each digestive organ was made using the Duncan multiple-range test (Steel and Torrie, 1960). A significantly higher number of larvae congregated on papers impregnated with extracts of gastric caeca and ventriculus than with any other homogenate or with water (Table 2).
The walls of the gastric caeca and ventriculus are composed of columnar cells. All other organs of the digestive tract are lined by cuboidal cells. All these organs except the gastric caeca and ventriculus had a chitinous layer between the cells and the lumen.
Discussion
Aggregation pheromones can act as attractants or as locomotory in- hibitors. If a pheromone is an attractant, the larvae will be drawn to the area where other larvae are gathered, presumably in microhabitats suitable for growth. If the pheromone is a locomotory inhibitor, the animals will have to encounter conspecifics by other means, but once they do they will slow down, forming aggregations.
Fecal aggregation pheromones which act as locomotory inhibitors have been studied in the garden symphylan, Scutigerella immaculata (Reeve and Barry, in press) and the German cockroach Blatte/la germanica (Bell et a/., 1972; Burk and Bell, 1973). Both sets of experiments involved releasing numbers of animals simultaneously into an apparatus with pheromone pre- sent in one area. Our technique, in which each larva was tested alone, has the advantage of eliminating the possibility of any other form of communica- tion among individuals and gives quantitative information about locomotory rates.
The fecal aggregation pheromone of Tipu/a simplex is produced in and/or
Table 2. Test for Pheromone Source’ - % aggregating
Gastric caeca 28 a Ventriculus 28 a Intestinal caecum 14.6b Intestine and Rectum 12.2b Water 9.8b Esophagus and proventriculus 7.36
“Duncan multiple-range test. Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p < 05).
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 309
stored by the gastric caeca and the ventriculus. Of the more than 250 pheromones known to be produced by insects, production in the digestive tract is a mechanism utilized by only a few (Jacobson, 1974), and the hind- gut accounts for the majority of these (Fletcher, 1969; Blum and Wilson, 1964; Schneider and Rudinsky, 1969; Hangartner, 1969; Ishii and Kuwahara, 1968; Pitman and Vite, 1963). In only one other insect, Periplaneta americana, is the pheromone found to be present in the anterior portion of the midgut (Bodenstein, 1970).
Tipula simplex larvae demonstrate an orthohydrokinesis, and negative phototaxis (Hartman and Hynes, 1977). In the field, the larvae congregate under debris where it is darker and during dry weather moister than the soil. As the larvae move out of the moist environment, their kinesis insures that they move more rapidly, increasing the chance that they move into another moist environment. Negative phototaxis will keep them under debris in bright light, but will not be effective during dark nights. A locomotory in- hibitor also will aid in maintaining the crane fly larvae in clumps in preferred microhabitats. A second advantage of a locomotory inhibitor as an ag- gregator is that as it decreases the locomotory rate, it decreases the energy requirements of the larvae. Therefore in the presence of the pheromone, larvae should be able to develop with less food intake. Low food requirements for each larva may explain why such large populations of Tipula simplex can survive in a limited space in outbreak years.
Literature Cited
Bell, W.J., C. Parsons, and E.A. Martinko. 1972. Cockroach aggregation pheromones: analysis of aggregation tendency and species specificity (Orthoptera: Blattidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 45:414-420.
Blum, M.S. and E.O. Wilson. 1964. The anatomical source of trail substances in Formicine ants. Psyche 71:28-31.
Bodenstein, W.G. 1970. Distribution of female sex pheromone in the gut of Periplaneta americana (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:336-337.
Burk, T. and W.J. Bell. 1973. Cockroach aggregation pheromone: Inhibition of locomotion (Orthoptera: Blattidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 46:36-41.
Byers, G.W. 1961. The crane fly genus Dolichopeza in North America. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 666-924.
Doane, R.W. 1901. Descriptions of new Tipulidae. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 9:97-127.
Doane, R.W. 1908. Aremarkable outbreak of Tipu/alarvae. Entomol. News. 19:437-8.
Fletcher, B.S. 1969. The structure and function of the sex pheromone glands of the male Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni. J. Insect Physiol. 15:1309-1322.
Galigher, A.E. and E.N. Kozloff. 1964. Essentials of practical microtechniques. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 484 p.
Hangartner, W. 1969. Trail laying in the subterranean ant, Acanthomyops interjectus. J. Insect Physiol. 15:1-4.
Hartman, M.J. and C.D. Hynes. 1977. Biology of the range crane fly, Tipula simplex. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 53:118-123.
Ishii, S. and Y. Kuwahara. 1968. An aggregation pheromone of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) |. Site of the pheromone production. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2:203-217.
Jacobson, M. 1974. Insect pheromones /n The Physiology of Insecta Ill ed. Morris Rockstein. Academic Press, New York. 229-276.
310 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Pitman, G.B. and J.P. Vite. 1963. Studies on the pheromone of /ps confusus (Lec.). |. Secon- dary sexual dimorphism in the hind gut epithelium. Contr. Boyce Thompsons Inst. 22:221-6.
Reeve, D.H. and R.E. Berry. In press. Evidence for arrestant causing aggregation in the garden symphylan.
Schneider, |. and J.A. Rudinsky. 1969. The site of pheromone production in Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bio-assay and histological studies of the midgut. Canadian Entomol. 101:1181-1186.
Steel, R.G. and J.H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics with special references to the biological sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York. 481 p.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Evidence indicating Ammophila (Hymenoptera:Sphecidae) as host of Spintharosoma (Hymenoptera:Chrysididae). — The genus Spintharosoma Zimmermann occurs in southwestern to western United States and in northern Mexico. It is found in the Mediterranean area, also. No host data have been recorded, but the related genus Euchroeus Latreille is known to attack Poda/onia (Sphecidae:Sphecinae) in Europe (Molitor, A., 1935, Konowia 14:1-7) me in Mongolia (Tsuneki, K., 1947, Mushi 17:43-60).
In August, 1978 we watched numerous individuals of Ammophila californica Menke nesting in the sand dunes near Antioch, Contra Costa County, California. Spintharosoma mesillae (Cockerell) were seen attending five of the nests. In two cases both male and female chrysidids were present, facing the nest entrance at distances of 4 to 30 cm but most often between 6 and 10 cm. In three instances a female mesillae followed an Ammophila into the burrow and both re- mained for about 15 seconds. No Spintharosoma were seen on the dunes except at Ammaphila nests, where as many as seven females attended a single burrow. On another occasion one of us (McLaughlin) made note of a similar occurrence on August 20, 1978 in Ventura County, California near Ojai. A female Spintharosoma (species A, undescribed) was seen near a nest while it was being provisioned by Ammophila pruinosa Cresson. As the Ammophila was engaged in cleaning the nest after deposition of a geometrid larva, she entered the burrow, followed closely by the chrysidid. They remained in the nest for about 15 seconds. A host-parasite relationship of Am- mophila and Spintharosoma had previously been suspected after a female chrysidid (species A) was seen entering the burrow of an Ammophila marshi Menke at Sagehen Creek, Nevada Coun- ty, California on June 23, 1976. This observation was made by David Poirier during an En- tomology summer course conducted by Bohart. — R. M. BOHART and J.D. McLAUGHLIN, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:310 October 1978
Mayflies of the Southwest: New Species and Records of Heptageniidae
(Ephemeroptera)
Richard K. Allen and Esther S.M. Chao’
California State University, Los Angeles 90032
A recent study of mayfly collections from Arizona and New Mexico has revealed undescribed species, and new distributional records of hep- tageniids. Types of new species are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS). In the accounts dealing with the species, collections made by the senior author are indicated by the initials RKA, and all specimens, unless otherwise designated as deposited in the collection of California State University, Los Angeles.
Epeorus (Iron) albertae (McDunnough) New Record. NEW MEXICO: Ajo Arriba Co. Rio Chama at Chama, 29-V1-64, RKA.
Epeorus (Iron) deceptivus (McDunnough)
New Records. ARIZONA: Gila Co. Christopher Cr. at Christopher on Hwy 160, 19-VII-70, RKA. NEW MEXICO: San Miguel! Co. Pecos Riv. at Tererro, Santa Fe Nat. For., 2-VIl-64, RKA.
Epeorus (Iron) longimanus (Eaton)
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. E. Fk. White Riv., Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache Indian Res., 5/6-V|I-64, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv. at E. Fk. Cpgd., 26-VI-66, RKA; Hall Cr. on Hwy 373, Apache Nat. For., 3-VIl-64, RKA; Little Colorado Riv. at E. Fk. Cpgd., Apache Nat. For., 3-VIl-64, RKA; Nutrioso Cr. at Nutrioso, 26-VI-66, RKA; Stream at Greer, 27-VI-66, RKA. NEW MEXICO: Rio Arriba Co. Canjilon Cr. on Hwy 110, 27-VI-66, RKA. San Migue/ Co. Pecos Riv., Cowles, Santa Fe Natl. For., 2-Vil-64, RKA; Winsor Cr. at jct with Pecos Riv., Cowles, Santa Fe Nat. For., 2-VIl-64, RKA. Taos Co. Red Riv. nr. Goose Cr. on Hwy 38, Carson Nat. For., 30- VI-64, RKA; Rio Pueblo, 1 miS. Penasco jct. on Hwy 3, Carson Nat. For., 1-Vil-64, RKA; Rio Chi- quito, 3miS. Taos on Hwy 3, 1-VIl-64, RKA.
Epeorus (Iron) margarita Edmunds & Allen
New Records. ARIZONA: Coconino Co. Oak Cr. at Ensinoso Camp, Coconino Nat. For., 7/8- VIl-64, RKA; Oak Cr. at Slide Rock Cpgd., 17-VII-70, RKA. Gila Co. E. Verde Riv. on Hwy 87, 18/19-VII-70, RKA; E. Verde Riv. on Rd 406, 16 km (10 mi) E. Payson, 19-VII-70, RKA; Haigler Cr. on For. Serv. Rd 200, 19-VII-70, RKA. Navajo Co. N. Fk. White Riv. at Whiteriver, Ft. Apache In- dian Res., 5-VII-64, RKA. Yavapai Co. Verde Riv. at Verde Valley, 18-VII-70, RKA.
Heptagenia criddlei McDunnough
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. Hall Cr. on Hwy 373, 3-VIl-64, RKA; Gooseberry Cr. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache Indian Res. 6-Vii-64, RKA; N. Fk. White Riv. nr. Hawley Lake, 27-VI-66, RKA; Nutrioso Cr. at Nutrioso, 27-VI-66, RKA; Stream, 1.6 km (1 mi) N. Greer, on Hwy 373, 22-VII-70, RKA. Coconino Co. Oak Cr. at Pine Flat Camp, 7-VIl-64, RKA; Oak Cr. at Slide Rock Cpgd., 17- Vil-70, RKA. Gila Co. Tonto Cr. at Kohl’s Ranch, 19-VIl-70, RKA. Graham Co. Wet Cr. at Wet Cr. Canyon Camp, Pinaleno Mtns,, 20-VII-70, RKA. Navajo Co. N. Fk. White Riv., Whiteriver, Ft. Apache Indian Res., 5-VII-64, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv., on Hwy 73, 27-VI-66, RKA. Yavapai Co.
‘ The research upon which this paper was based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. BMS 75-17661.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:311-315 October 1978
312 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Verde Riv. at Verde Valley, 18-VII-70, RKA. NEW MEXICO: Catron Co. San Francisco Riv. on Hwy 180, Apache Nat. For., 4-VIl-64, RKA; White Riv. at Whitewater Cpgd., 22-VIl-70, RKA; San Francisco Riv. at Reserve, 22-VII-70, RKA; San Francisco Riv. nr. Luna on Hwy 180, 22-VII-70, RKA. Colfax Co. Moreno Cr., 8 km (5 mi) N. Eagle Nest, 1-VII-64, RKA; Cimarron Riv. at Cimar- ron, 23-VIll-70, RKA. Grant Co. Sapillo Cr. nr. Lake Roberts on Hwy 25, 21-VII-70, RKA. Linco/n Co. Creek at Pine Lodge, Lincoln Nat. For., 24-VIl-70, RKA; Bonito Cr. at Bonito, 27-VII-70, RKA; N. Fk. Bonito Cr., 1.6 km (1 mi) above Bonito Lake, 24-VII-70, RKA; S. Fk. Bonito Cr. at S. Fk. Cpgd., Lincoln Nat. For., 24-VIl-70, RKA. Mora Co. Mora Riv. at Mora, 1-VII-64, RKA. Alo Arriba Co. Wolf Cr. at Kelly Cogd., 6-VIII-72, D.C. Lowrie. Taos Co. Rio Hondo at jct with Rio Grande on Hwy 111, 30-VI-64, RKA; Rio Hondo on Hwy 3, 30-VI-64, RKA. Valencia Co. Blue Water Cr. on Rt 178, Cibola Nat. For., 23-Vil-70, RKA.
Heptagenia elegantula Eaton
New Records. NEW MEXICO: Colfax Co. Ponil Cr., 1.6 km (1 mi) E. Cimarron, 23-VIll-70, RKA; Cimarron Riv. at Cimarron, 23-VIII-70, RKA.
Heptagenia simplicioides McDunnough
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. Little Colorado Riv. on Hwy 73, Apache Nat. For., 3- VIl-64, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv., 4.8 km (3 mi) N. Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache In- dian Res., 6-VII-64, RKA; Little Colorado Riv., 6.4 km (4 mi) E. Eagar on Hwy 73, 22-Vil-70, RKA.
Heptagenia solitaria McDunnough
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. N. Fk. White Riv., Hawley Lake Rd, 26-VI-66, RKA; Little Colorado Riv., 6.4 km (4 mi) E. Eagar on Hwy 73, 22-VIl-70, RKA.
Key to the Rhithrogena Nymphs of the Southwest 1. Gill lamellae with sclerotized setose line (Fig. 5); body length usually
Greater TAM: LS QM: aleve ew cue ey ease aig ex wae ek robusta
Gill lamellae without sclerotized setose line (Figs. 6-7); body length Wstially less than TOM =...) oeas caves need en daee ed anaes 4 2
2 (1). Gill lamellae with small dorsal lobe; as in Fig. 6; gills tinged pink or ERR ONES esc es: er peed ah vie sisnniDiticos Gene bed sen Yee pk ange hug Ew at 3
Gill lamellae without lobe as in Fig. 7; gills tinged brown, never pink UC ee Rae lee ob iris, societal a aseopse ap amie es og Sl 4
3 (2). Anterolateral margin mesothorax distinctly concave (Fig. 1); abdominal terga dark brown often with paired submedian pale or
CUTE 218) | See poet es ORD Cae Pee onan Wee gree eT Rn cee morrisoni Anterolateral margin mesothorax straight, or only slightly concave
(Fig. 2); abdominal terga brown with black web-like
BARTS AIOI SA: is seewenwis Sede nt PPG's q We ees Sige eR s)
4 (2). Abdominal terga with submedian longitudinal dark brown stripes, and black lateral margins (Fig. 3); abdominal sterna brown with dark
brown markings; body length 9.0-10.0mm ............... vitta Abdominal terga brown with pale median longitudinal stripe, and
pale lateral margins (Fig. 4); abdominal sterna pale to brown:
body length 7.0-8.0MM ........ 0... ccc cece eee plana
Figs. 1-2. Thoracic terga. Fig. 1, Rhithrogena morrisoni; Fig. 2, R. hageni. Figs. 3-4. Abdominal terga. Fig. 3, A. vitta; Fig. 4, R. plana. Figs. 5-7. Ab- dominal gills. Fig. 5, R. robusta; Fig. 6, R. morrisoni; Fig. 7, RF. vitta.
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314 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
5 (3). Abdominal gills tinged pink; body length 10.0-11.0mm ...... hageni Abdominal gills tinged smoky-black; body length6.5-7.5mm .......
Rhithrogena hageni Eaton
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. N. Fk. White Riv. nr. Hawley Lake Rd, 27-VI-66, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv. at Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache Indian Res., 5/6- VII-64, RKA. NEW MEXICO: Taos Co. Red Riv. nr. Goose Cr. on Hwy 38, Carson Nat. For., 30-VI-64, RKA.
Rhithrogena morrisoni (Banks)
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. White Riv. at Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache Indian Res., 5/6-VII-64, RKA; N. Fk. White Riv. nr. Hawley Lake Rd., 27- VI-66, RKA. NEW MEXICO: Colfax Co. Cimarron Riv. at Cimarron, 23-VIIl-70, RKA. San Miguel Co. Pecos Riv. at Tererro, 2-VIl-64, RKA. Taos Co. Red Riv. nr. Goose Cr. on Hwy 38, 30-VI-64, RKA; Rio Chi- quito, 4.8 km (3 mi) S. Taos on Hwy 3, 1-VII-64, RKA.
Rhithrogena plana, new species
Nymph. Length: body 7.0-8.0 mm.; caudal filaments broken. General color brown. Head brown, pale around ocelli; frontal and coronal sutures pale. Thoracic nota brown with pale and dark brown markings; pronotum brown with pale midline; mesonotum brown with pale midline and sublateral markings; mesonotum with dark brown line along anterior margin; anterolateral margin mesothorax distinctly concave as in Fig. 1; metanotum brown; sterna pale, dark brown at sutures; legs brown, femora brown with dark brown to black submedian macula, area surrounding macula pale, smaller dark freckling within pale and brown areas; tibiae brown with row short ven- tral spines; tarsal claws brown with 1 large basal and 3-4 small apical denticles. Abdominal terga brown with paired dark brown submedian spots: abdominal terga with pale median longitudinal stripe, and pale posterior margins on terga 1-9 (Fig. 4); abdominal gills without lobe as in Fig. 7; gills with brownish tinge, gill lamellae with ‘‘ruffled’’ margins, and fibrilliform portion often brownish; abdominal sterna brown, dark brown at lateral margins, and with paired sublateral dark brown stripes. Caudal filaments pale, dark brown basally.
Types. Holotype: mature female nymph, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, North Fork White River at Whiteriver, Navajo County, Arizona, 5-VII-64, RKA (CAS). Paratotypes: 14 male and 51 female nymphs, same data as holotype (CSULA). Paratypes: 3 male and 3 female nymphs, E. Fk. White Riv., Ft. Apache on Hwy 73, Navajo Co., Arizona, 27-VI-66, RKA (CSULA).
Remarks. The nymphal abdominal gills of R. p/ana are without a lobe, similar to R. robusta, but its body length is only 7.0-8.0 mm., at least 5.0 mm. shorter than the latter. The nymph of A. p/ana is further distinguished from FR. robusta and all other described species from western North America by the following combination of characters: (1) absence of sclerotized setose line on ventral surface of abdominal gills; (2) anterolateral margin of mesothorax distinctly concave as in Fig. 1; (3) paired dark submedian spots on abdominal terga (Fig. 4); and (4) abdominal gills tinged with brown.
Rhithrogena undulata (Banks)
New Records. ARIZONA: Apache Co. N. Fk. White Riv. nr. Hawley Lake Rd., 27-VI-66, RKA;E. Fk. White Riv. at E. Fk. Cpgd., 26-VI-66, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv. at Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, 5/6-VII-64, RKA; E. Fk. White Riv., 4.8 km (3 mi) N. Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, 6- VIl-64, RKA; Paradise Cr. on Hwy 73, Ft. Apache Indian Res., 6-VII-64, RKA. Navajo Co. N. Fk. White Riv. at Whiteriver, 5-VIl-64, RKA. NEW MEXICO: Colfax Co. Cimarron Riv. at Cimarron, 23-
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 ato
VIll-70, RKA. San Miguel Co. Pecos Riv. at Tererro, Santa Fe. Nat. For., 2-Vil-64, RKA; Pecos Riv. at Pecos, 2-VIl-64, RKA. Taos Co. Red Riv. nr. Goose Cr. on Hwy 38, 30-VI-64, RKA.
Rhithrogena vitta, new species
Nymph. Length: body 9.0-10.0 mm.; caudal filaments broken. General color brown to dark brown. Head brown, pale around ocelli; frontal and coronal sutures pale. Thoracic nota brown with pale markings; pronotum brown with pale midline; anterior portion pronotum darker than posterior; mesonotum brown with pale midline and sublateral markings; mesonotum with dark brown line along anterior margin; anterolateral margin mesothorax distinctly concave as in Fig. 1; metanotum brown; sterna pale, dark brown at sutures; legs brown; femora brown with dark brown to black submedian macula, area surrounding macula pale, smaller dark freckling within pale and brown areas; tibiae brown with row short ventral spines; tarsal claws brown with 1 large basal and 2-3 small apical denticles. Abdominal terga brown with submedian longitudinal dark brown stripes, and dark brown to black lateral margins (Fig. 3); abdominal terga with light brown median stripe; abdominal gills 2-6 without lobe (Fig. 7); gills with brownish tinge; lamellar portion gills with “ruffled’’ margins: fibrilliform portion gills often brownish; abdominal sterna brown, dark brown at lateral margins and sublateral dark brown stripes. Caudal filaments pale, dark brown basally.
Type. Holotype: mature female nymph, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, North Fork White River at Whiteriver, Navajo County, Arizona, 5-VIl-64, RKA (CAS). Paratopotypes: 9 male and 10 female nymphs, same data as holotype (CSULA). Paratypes: 1 male and 3 female nymphs, Ft. Apache Indian Res., E. Fk. White Riv. at Rock Cr. Ranger Sta. on Hwy 73, Apache Co., Arizona, 5/6-VIIl-64, RKA (CSULA).
Remarks. The nymph of A. vitta is distinguished from all other western North American Ahithrogena by the following combination of characters: (1) absence of a sclerotized setose line on ventral surface abdominal gills; (2) anterolateral margin of mesothorax distinctly concave; (3) presence of two submedian longitudinal dark stripes, and black lateral margins; and (4) brownish tinge on abdominal gills.
EDITORIAL NOTICE
The editors would like to acknowledge with our great appreciation the many entomologists who served as reviewers for the past year.
A Laboratory Technique for Producing Egg Masses of Douglas-fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough),
for Field Studies '
(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Sherry Keith Gollob
Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA-Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Field collection of Douglas-fir tussock moth pupae and egg masses requires a great deal of time and energy because of the diffi- culty in locating them at low population densities, and the limited accessibility of those located in the upper branches. It is therefore desirable to use laboratory-reared stock for many field studies. Pupae or egg mass bearing cocoons have been used in various field studies including phenological correlations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth with its host (Wickman 1976, 1977), solar radiation effects on egg hatch,? and investigations dealing with egg parasitization and bird predation. This paper describes a technique for laboratory production of Douglas-fir tussock moth egg masses for field studies.
Larvae are reared according to the procedures of Thompson and Peterson.* Once larvae have spun cocoons and pupated, each pupais placed on a photographic light table to determine the sex. In this “‘candling”’ process, light is transmitted through the cocoon giving a clear view of the morphology of the enclosed pupa. Cocoons contain- ing sexed pupae are collected in lots of 20 females and 20 to 25 males, 3 days older than the females. A thin wire (0.4 mm dia.), 13 cm (5 in.) long, is inserted through the cocoon of each female pupa, care being taken not to puncture the pupa with the wire as it is being in- serted. The pupa is positioned in the center of the wire (Fig. 1). The ends of the wires of the 20 female pupae are then pushed through a 13 cm (5 in.) by 20 cm (8 in.) index card. This card is placed inside a kraft paper bag and secured to the side so that the cocoons face the interior of the bag. The male pupae are then placed in the bottom of the bag. The bag may be sealed with astaple or paper clip and placed at a temperature of 21°-23°C (70°-73°F).
'The research reported here was financed in whole or part by the USDA Expanded Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program.
*Personal communication with B.E. Wickman of the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oreg.
Personal communication with T.R. Torgersen and R.R. Mason of the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oreg., concerning current studies and manuscripts in preparation.
‘Thompson, C.G.:and L.J. Peterson. How to rear the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Manuscript in prepara- tion at Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oreg.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:316-318 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 317
Fig. 1, insertion of wire through the cocoon. (Line equals 25 mm).
In 7 to 10 days, the male and female pupae emerge as adult moths. Upon emergence of the female moth, she immediateiy climbs onto the empty cocoon from which she emerged. Mating takes place on the cocoon. The female moth oviposits on the cocoon shortly after mating, laying an oval shaped egg mass covered with spumaline.
One month from the collection date of the pupae, the index card will contain 20 wired empty cocoons each covered with an egg mass (Fig. 2).
This technique of using prepared cocoons is useful principally for field studies utilizing pupae or egg masses. The cocoon or egg mass is easily fastened in place by interlacing the wire between the needles on a branch (Fig. 3) (see footnote 3). There are several practi-
Fig. 2, Demonstrates wire technique.
318 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. 3, Demonstrates interlacing of wire between the needles of the branch.
cal benefits derived by using the technique. There is minimal handling of the egg masses, thereby reducing the possibility of irri- tation to the worker caused by touching the hairy cocoons. With the cocoons and masses wired onto the index card, it is easy to keep inventory of those taken into the field; and substantial egg mass pro- tection is offered by the index card when being handled. Opportunity to select only the choicest egg masses or cocoons for field use is afforded because they are easily accessible. Finally, the wired egg masses present a natural appearance so experimental artifacts are largely eliminated.
Literature Cited
Wickman, B.E. 1976. Phenology of white fir and Douglas-fir tussock moth egg hatch and larval development in California. Environ. Entomol. 5(2):316-322, illus.
Wickman, B.E. 1977. Douglas-fir tussock moth egg hatch and larval development in re- lation to phenology of white firin southern Oregon. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-295, 9 p., illus. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oreg.
Chorion Surface Features of Some Spider Eggs
J. Norman Grim and C.N. Slobodchikoff
Dept. of Biol. Sci., Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff 86011
Little is known about the structure and function of the chorion of spider eggs. Numerous investigators have studied developmental stages of the embryo (e.g. Vachon and Hubert, 1971); yet comments about the chorion surface are rare. Ehn (1963) has noted that the chorion surface is granulated but no description of the granules was provided. Using a Scann- ing Electron Microscope (SEM), we studied uncoated and coated spider eggs of two species to resolve the nature of the granulated surface.
Materials and Methods
Eggs from the black widow, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin and Ivie (collected in Phoenix, Arizona Sept. 1976), and crab spider Tmarus angulatus (Walckenaer) (collected in Flagstaff, Arizona March 1977), were removed from egg cases one to three days after they were laid and attach- ed to SEM stubs with graphite emulsion. Most of the eggs were viewed without coating, although some were coated with gold prior to examination. Eggs were never fixed or dried. On several occasions, one to two weeks after they had been laid, we examined eggs that had not been previously mounted or viewed in order to note changes during development. Viability from a given egg case was confirmed by the later hatch of spiderlings. Ex- amination through secondary electron or back scatter mode, sometimes with gamma, was done with an AMR 1000 operating at 5, 10, and 20 KV.
Spheres covering the chorion of eggs from both spiders were measured by placing a 10 x 10 line grid system over electronmicrographs and measur- ing all spheres within 10 grid squares, chosen at random by means of a ran- dom number table.
Results and Discussion
Spider eggs appear to be highly suitable for SEM study in the living state, without any special treatment. Charging problems were minor and usually could be avoided by using gamma or back scatter mode. Figures 1 and 3 show uncoated eggs viewed by secondary and back scatter electrons respectively. Coating with gold aids little at lower magnifications (Fig. 2) but is critical for good resolution of sphere surface pits at higher magnifications (Fig. 7). Higher magnification (Figs. 5-7) reveals the presence of small spheres as an outermost coat on the chorion. This is unlike insect egg sur- faces examined thus far (Hinton, 1969). In L. hesperus the diameter of these spheres ranges from 0.8 to 4.5u (x=1.6 um, S=0.8, N=174
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:319-322 October 1978
320 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Table 1. Size of spheres on surface of crab spider and black widow eggs.
Crab spider, Tmarus angulatus, N=152
size (um) Frequency 0.40-0.79 30 0.80-1-19 59 1.20-1.59 59 1.60-1.99 20 2.00-2.39 8 2.40-2.79 2
Black widow, Latrodectes hesperus, N=174
size ( »m) Frequency 0.40-0.79 0 0.80-1.19 54 1.20-1.59 31 1.60-1.99 42 2.00-2.39 16 2.40-2.79 12 2.80-3.19 3 3.20-3.59 3 3.60-3.99 5 4.00-4.39 7
spheres). The spheres on the chorion of the crab spider range from 0.4 - 2.8 um (x=1.1 um, S=0.45, N= 152 spheres).
There is a considerable difference in the distribution of sphere diameters (Table 1). The crab spider has a more homogenous set of sphere sizes, while the black widow has a greater proportion of larger spheres. Relatively high SEM resolution shows that many, although not all, of the larger spheres from L. hesperus have numerous indentations or pits on their sur- face (Fig. 7). The smaller ones are relatively smooth at the same high resolution. We have not seen these perforate surface features in spheres from the crab spider.
——
Fig. 1. L. hesperus egg, 5 days after laid. Uncoated - secondary electrons. x 33. Fig. 2. L. hesperus egg, 5 days after laid. Gold coated - secondary electrons. x 33. Fig. 3. L. hesperus egg, 5 days after laid. Uncoated - back scatter electrons. x 33. Fig. 4. 7. angulatus egg, 2 days after laid. Un- coated - back scatter. x 33. Fig. 5. 7. angu/atus chorion surface spheres. Uncoated - secondary. x 1000. Fig. 6. L. hesperus chorion surface spheres. Arrow is location where a sphere has detached. Coated - secon- dary. x 1000. Fig. 7. L. hesperus chorion surface spheres at higher resolu- tion. Large sphere pitting is clear. Gold coated - secondary. x 6,900. Fig. 6. L. hesperus several days prior to hatching. Note chorion is cracked around the cephalothorax. Coated - secondary. x 40. Fig. 9. Higher magnification of Fig. 8 showing chorionic spheres more clearly. x 120. Fig. 10. L. hesperus first molt spiderling abdomen with spheres. Uncoated - secon- dary. x 350.
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322 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
As the embryo develops, allometric growth and differentiation of the cephalothorax occur, and the egg surface begins to wrinkle (Fig. 8). Wrinkles extend away from the developing cephalothorax. The chorion cracks several days prior to hatching, leaving the mouthparts directly ex- posed to the environment (Fig. 9). Savory (1928) erroneously referred to this as hatching. At the same time some of the spheres break loose and can be seen adhering to mouthparts (Fig. 9). They can sometimes be seen even on the spiderling after hatching and the first rnolt (Fig. 10). Slight deforma- tions appear in the laminar chorion surface where the spheres have been detached (Fig. 6).
When we opened the egg cases to remove eggs for study, the latter were left in a vial for continued incubation. Often these eggs became dessicated and the embryos did not develop beyond the cracked-chorion stage shown in Figure 8. When a drop of water was added to the vial every other day for one week, viable spiderlings hatched; thus, this operation became routine. The addition of water sometimes allowed fungus to grow, and, as a result, some eggs were destroyed. During an attempt to embed eggs for further analysis of the chorionic spheres, we discovered that the entire chorion is strongly hydrophobic.
All eggs which incubate in non-aquatic environments must be able to deal with the potential hazard of dessication. The partial coating of hydrophobic spheres on the chorions of the two spider species studied could serve to limit the surface area through which water molecules may pass to the environment. It seems reasonable that the spheres may addi- tionally provide survival value to the egg by providing moisture repellency, thereby secondarily inhibiting fungal growth.
Literature Cited
Ehn, A. 1963. The embryonic development of the spider Torania variata POC. (Sparassidae) Zool. Bidrag, Uppsala 36(1):37-47.
Hinton, H.E. 1969. Respiratory systems of insect egg shells. Annual Rev. Entomol. 14:343-368.
Savory, T.H. 1928. Biology of Spiders. MacMillan Co., New York. 376 pp.
Vachon, M. and M. Hubert. 1971. Contribution a ‘|’ etude du developpement postembryonnaire des Araignees. IV. Tegenaria saeva BI., Coelotes terrestris (Wid.) et Coelotes atrops (WIk.) (Agelenidae). Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Naturelle, serv. 3, Zoologie 11:613-624.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Record Triatoma captures from Neotoma dens in Southwestern United States. — Wood rat (Neotoma) houses or dens occasionally support large numbers of conenose bugs (Triatoma, Paratriatoma). The average number of triatomes captures from 1022 wood rat houses searched in the southwestern United States from 1936 through 1973 was 3.5 per house. Capture of triatomes from 18 wood rat harborages recorded in Table 1 were all in locations isolated from human dwellings except for Griffith Park, the piles of scrap lumber at the San Joaquin Experimental Range and 8 km southwest of Fallbrook in Cali- fornia. The wood rat from Murray Canyon, Eaton Canyon, Fallbrook, Griffith Park and the SJER was Neotoma fascipes. The dens were large piles of sticks and twigs as illustrated by Linsdale & Tevis (1951, The Dusky-footed Wood Rat, U.C. Press, Fig. 56). The New Mexico triatomes were from stick houses of N. micropus (Wood & Wood, 1961, Am. J.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:322-323 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 323
Trop. Med. & Hyg. 10:155-65, Fig. 2). The Arizona triatomes were from a stick and rock house built probably by N. a/bigu/a on a pile of rocks erected by the road department for diversion of water. The wood rat had piled sticks and twigs over the structure and as stones were removed, bugs were easily picked from them, especially around the grass nest buried among the larger rocks near the ground. The Lovejoy Buttes location involved
stick houses piled in and over dead or live, recumbent Joshua tree trunks where N. /epida occurs.
Table 1. Populations of Triatoma and Paratriatoma in Dens of the Wood Rat, Neotoma.
Species and Number of Triatomes Location of Capture Date Subspecies Adults Nymphalinstars Total Collected
dd 22 & #4 38 2 1
T. p. protracta 2 3 13 14 20 8 14 74 Murray Canyon, VII-26-37 San Diego, Co., CA
T. p. protracta 4 8 5 6 14 18 17 72 Eaton Canyon, VIII-28-37 Los Angeles Co., CA
T. p. woodi 2 4 21 7 8 16 16 74 20kmE Marathon, VII-27-39 Brewster Co., TX
T. p. protracta 1 2 7 10 6 10 QO 36 Murray Canyon, XI-18-39 San Diego Co., CA
,/. P. protracta 0 0 0 0 0 19 10 29 8&8kmSW Fallbrook, XI-9-43 San Diego Co., CA
T. p. protracta 3 4 9 3 2 5 3. 29 ibid X1-16-43
P. hirsuta and 0 0 27 0 0 0 O 46 Nr. Brenda, X|-28-45
T. rubida uhleri 0 019 0 0 0 0 Yuma Co., AZ
T. p. protracta 0 2 3 2 4 14 4 29 Griffith Park, L.A. X-7-50 L.A.Co., CA
T. p. protracta 1 4 3 14 44 4 O 30 Big Wood Pile, SJER* IV-9-52 Madera Co., CA
T. p. protracta 0 3 3 6 10 4 OQ 26 Small Wood Pile, SJER, IV-9-52 Madera Co., CA
T. p. protracta 8 6 13 10 17 2 2 58 Griffith Park, L.A. XI1-29-52 L.A. Co., CA
T. p. protracta 1315 3 7 #1 #3 #O 42 Nr. Silver City, 1X-9-57 Grant Co., NM
T. p. protracta 13 19 2 2 2 2 0 40 Nr. Tyrone, IX-10-57 Grant Co., NM
T. p. protracta 4 7 10 8 15 5 QQ 49 Griffith Park, X|-28-63 L.A., L.A. Co., CA
P. hirsuta 0 0 5 13 13 6 O 37 Nr. Lovejoy Buttes, X-24-64 L.A.Co., CA
P. hirsuta 0 2 14 42 10 3 #1 = 72 (Ibid X1-8-64
P. hirsuta 0 O 7 14 11 #1 = +O 30 ibid XII-5-64
*“SJER = San Joaquin Experimental Range, O’Neals, CA.
Laboratory life cycle data indicates more first, second and third instar nymphs and adults during summer and early fall and principally fourth and fifth instar nymphs during late fall and winter. Summer collections in Murray Canyon, Eaton Canyon and east of Marathon (Table 1) support the above statement as do winter collections at Brenda and Lovejoy Buttes. Local climatic factors and presence of the wood rat may be as important as temperature in determining the nymphal and adult composition of triatome populations in wood rat houses. — SHERWIN F. WOOD, 674 West Shenandoah St., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360.
A New Species of Mipseltyrus from California (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)
Donald S. Chandler Chico, CA
An undescribed species of Mipse/tyrus has been collected at the inter- face between the Coast Range Mountains and the Central Valley of California. The new species was found at about 40 meters elevation in a relatively xeric habitat for the genus, digger pine litter. The two other California species have been collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains bet- ween 300 to 600 meters elevation in oak-madrone-maple and douglas fir litter.
The species description follows the format of Schuster (1956). All measurements are in millimeters. | would like to thank Christine A. Janus- Chandler for reading the manuscript.
Mipseltyrus levini, new species
General description: length 1.71-2.05. Rufotestaceus. Head smooth anterior to eyes; eyes each consisting of a single facet; antennae sparsely punctulate, antennal club consisting of antennomeres X and XI. Pronotum and elytra smooth, surface feebly pustulate at setal bases. Metawings absent. First three tergites margined, all tergites and sternites smooth. Femora and tibiae entirely granulate.
Holotype male: head 0.43 long, 0.28 wide across eyes; pronotum 0.38 long; elytron 0.54 long, 0.42 wide at apex; total length 1.71. Maxillary palpus with second segment 0.24 long, third 0.13 long, fourth 0.26 long. Median tergite lengths: | 0.46, II 0.19, Ill 0.15, IV 0.10, V 0.16. Median sternite lengths: 10.10, I10.46, Ill 0.09, IV 0.08, V0.07, VI 0.10, sternite VI with glabrous impres- sion at center, small median emargination at apex. Antennae and trochanters without sexual modifications. Genitalia 0.24 long (Fig. 1).
Female: Sternite VI convex, evenly rounded at apex.
Holotype male: California, Solano County, Lake Solano, XI|-6-1970, D. P. Levin, R. F. Lagier,
Figure 1. Left lateral view of male genitalia.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:324-325 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 325
D. S. Chandler, berlese pine litter. PARATYPES: 1 male, 2 females, eutopotypical. 2 males, 1 female, same locality, XIl-13-1977. D.S. Chandler, sifting digger pine litter. The holotype is slide mounted in Piccolyte and will be deposited at the University of California, Davis. A paratype male will be placed in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
This species is named for David P. Levin, a friend and colleague who helped organize many collecting trips in the Southwest United States.
The new species is most similar to M. mirus Schuster by the granulate femora, the appearance of the fifth and sixth sternites and the simple antennae. M. mirus differs in having the head anterior to the eyes reticulate and by the shape of the genitalia.
Literature Cited
Schuster, R.O. 1956. Two new species of Mipseltyrus from California (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 32:83-86.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
New records for pseudoscorpions from the Sierra Nevada — Three specimens of the pseudoscorpion Pseudogarypus bicornis (Bank) were collected in pitfall traps placed in a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) forest in the Harvey Monroe Hall Natural Area in Inyo National Forest, California.
A tritonymph collected 14-28 August 1973 and a mature female collected 11-25 September 1973 at 3170 m establish an altitude record in North America for this species previously reported by Hoff (1961, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122(5):443-4), from 3048 m in talus 4 miles (10.1 km) NE of Gothic, Colorado. Another specimen, a mature male, was trapoed 28 August to 11 September 1973 at 3048 m in the same locality.
Both stations at which P. bicornis were trapped were hygric sites, in contrast to the xeric and mesic stations at which no pseudoscorpions were trapped. The 3170 m station was located immediately adjacent to Cabin Creek, with the traps placed among dense clumps of red heather, Phyliodoce Breweri (Gray) Heller.
The female and tritonymph of Pseudogarypus bicornis (Banks) are deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, while the male is in the collection cf Vincent F. Lee. Mr. Lee identified the species and also provided the reference to the earlier record. — Richard P. Papp, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu. Hawali 96818
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:325 October 1978
326 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
Observations on a population of Schlettererius cinctipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae) in a selective cut of White Fir (Abies concolor) in the Sierra Nevada of California. — In early July 1977, a localized, but large population of the stephanid Schlet- tererius cinctipes (Cresson) was discovered in a logged area of White Fir (Abies concolor (Gord and Glend.) ) 25 km NE of Foresthill, Placer County, at an elevation of 1250 m. Between July 5 and 10, 35 specimens (160d, 1999) of this rare species were taken (many more were seen but not collected) in a 10 acre area. The site was littered with slash and numerous felled A. concolor (20-25 cm dia.). Selective cutting had removed some fir and most of the Incense Cedar (Libocedrus decurrans Torrey). Much of the downed fir was cut into sections (ca. 4.5 m long) with many of the branches and dried needles remaining intact.
Stephanids are assumed to be parasitic upon the larval stage of certain wood-boring Coleoptera (Muesebeck, Krombein and Townes. 1951. U.S.D.A. Monograph No. 2 p. 89). On three occasions female S. cinctipes were observed ovipositing in the branched sections of prostrate fir heavily marked with the oviposition scars and containing some exit holes of Monochamus oregonensis LeConte (Cerambycidae). In a study of the biota associated with four species of Monochamus in Maine, Soper and Olson (1963. Can. Ent. 95:83-94) found no evidence of a host-parasite system that involved stephanids and sawyer beetles, but did include one ichneumonid, Dolichomitus imperator (Kriechbaumer), that was reared from a section of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) known to contain the brood of Monochamus. Although no sections were removed to confirm the actual para- sitization of M. oregonensis by S. cinctipes, additional evidence also suggests that M. oregonensis was the principle host being attacked. Densities of M. oregonensis in branched sections were quite high and the tops of approximately 20 trees cut between 1976 and 1977 contained in excess of 50 emergence holes. Conditions were undoubted- ly favorable for the development of both species with the abundance of S. cinctipes probably related to that of M. oregonensis.
Many of the specimens were not taken until flushed from the sections by disturbing the branches and dead foliage. Invariably, the adults would rise quickly and fly to the tops of neighboring uncut trees. Females were more easily located than males. Attention was usually directed to the ovipositor (marked with an anteapical white band) which was con- tinuously “flagging” the substrate. Males would rest on either sunlit or shaded sections and normally in groups of two and three. In four days of collecting we did not observe a single mating pair.
Occasionally, three species of buprestids, Buprestis rusticorum (Kirby), Chrysobothris sp., and Melanophila drummondi (Kirby) were collected from the same sections as S. cintipes, but more frequently from either the unbranched sections or from the trunks of un- sectioned trees. Other insect species collected exclusively from cut A. concolor were three siricids, Urocerus californicus Norton, Xeris morrisoni (Cresson), and X. spectrum (L.); three ichneumonids, Echthrus adillae rubidus Townes, Megarhyssa nortoni Cresson, and Rhyssa alaskensis Ashmead; one ibaliid, /balia ensiger Norton; and two aulacids, Au/acos- tethus occidentalis lavatus Townes and A. rufitarsus (Cresson). Twice we observed swarms of /. ensiger, consisting of 15-20 adults of both sexes, associated with unsectioned fir that was propped against uncut trees.
The authors wish to thank Dr. R.M. Bohart and Dr. R.W. Throp for their advice in the pre- sentation of our observations and for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. J. Chemsak for pro- viding background information on Monochamus, and R. Skalski who helped with the collecting on July 10, 1977. R.P. MEYER, T.L. McKENZIE, K. DAVIS, Department of Ento- mology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:326 October 1978
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
INDEX TO VOLUME 54 Acarina 71, 185 Dufourea 98 Adams - Anew Hypochrysa 292 Dynatus 65 Adelia 77 Dyschirius 165 Agonum 163 Ephemerella 19 Agymnastus 82 Eurystylops 98 venerabilis 83 Glyphopsyche 178
Akorhexoza 31 cactivora 33 damptfi 32 Alcock - Mate Locating Behavior 215 Aleochara 167 Allen & Chao - New Dactylobaetis 300 New Heptageniidae 311 Amara 163 Ametropus 260 Ampedus 169 Anisodactylus 164 Anthicus sacramento 15 Aphonopelma 153 Araeolepia 51 Araneae 153, 158, 319 Arnand - Records of Ants 76 Asemum caseyi 14 nitidum 14 Attini 76 Aulacigaster 129 Barr - New Genus Bogcia 287 Bembidion 164 Bionomics 270 Agonum 163 Aleochara 167 Amara 163 Ametropus 260 Ampedus 169 Anisodactylus 164 Aphonopelina 153 Asemum 14 Aulacigaster 129 Bembidion 164 Boletobius 168 Chilocorus 267 Cicindela 167 Cisaberoptus 185 Conoderus 70 Ctenicera 169 Dasymutilla 231 Diceroprocta 69 Dolichovespula 131
Goniopsita 206 Hadronema 57 Harpalus 166 Hemerobius 143 Hemiberlesia 267 Hemipepsis 219 Hybomitra 74 Hypolithus 169 Latrodectus 319 Lebia 166 Limonius 170 Lytta57 Monarthrum 68 Mycetoporus 168 Nebria 166 Nomada 217 Paratriatoma 17 Philanthus 218 Pilimas 74 Platystethus 168 Pissodes 103 Pseudogarypus 325 Psychogyloha 178 Pterostichus 166 Quedius 168 Schiettererius 326 Scolytidae 270 Sosippus 158 Stagmomantis 17 Tachyporus 168 Tipula 305
Tmarus 319 Trachypachus 167 Triatoma 17, 323 Trichoptera 199 Triepeolus 215 Zygogramma 226
Bogcia disjuncta 287
Oaxacae 290
Bohart & Irwin - Dufourea Stylopization 98 Bolbodimyia lampros 11
Boletobius 168
Book Reviews 56, 128, 142, 235
327
328 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Burdick & Hasegawa - Adelid Larvae 77 Callicorixa vulnerata 261 scudderi 263 Chandler - New Anthicus 15 - A New Mipseltyrus 324 Chemsak - A new Pterotus 157 - Review of Essostrutha 125 Chemsak & Linsley - Lamiinae 26 Chilocorus 267 Cicindela 167 Cisaberoptus kenyae 185 Coleptera Anthicidae 15 Carabidae 74, 163 Cerambycidae 14, 26, 125 Chrysomelidae 226 Cleridae 287 Coccinellidae 267 Curculionidae 103, 210 Elateridae 70, 169 Lampyridae 157 Meloidae 57 Pselaphidae 9, 324 Scarabaeidae 1 Scolytidae 68, 270 Staphylinidae 155, 167 Stylopidae 98 Collembola 43 Colobostema leechi 36 Conoderus exsul 70 falli 70 Conotrachelus 210 Cook - New Scatopsidae 31 Correction 42, 266 Ctenicera 169 Culicoides kuscheli 236 parascopus 238 Cymindis 165 Cyphomyrmex 76 Dactylobaetis mexicanus 304 navis 300 salinus 302 trivialis 302 Dasymutilla foxi231 Davis - New Genera of Moths 147
Davis & Zack - Records of Aulacigastridae 129
Denning & Resh - Book Review 56 Dermatophagoides 71 Deyrup - Biology of Pissodes 103
Deyrup & Deyrup - Hemerobius in Douglas Fir
143 Deyrup & Gara - Insects and Scolytidae 270 Diamesa 245 Diceroprocta apache 69 Diptera Aulacigastridae 129 Ceratapogonidae 236, 283
Chironomidae 241 Chloropidae 206 Scatopsidae 31 Syrphidae 297 Tabanidae 11, 74, 107 Tachinidae 159 Tipulidae 305 Dolichovespula 131 Drea - Chilocorus and Scales 267 Dufourea 98 Dynatus nigripes 65 Dyschirius 165 Ellabella 50 Ellis - Alaskan Caddisflies 199 - Overwintering Trichoptera 178 Epeorus 311 Ephemerella inermis 19 infrequens 19 Ephemeroptera 19, 260, 300, 311 Eremopedes ateloploides 90 Essostrutha laeta126 binotata 128 Eurystylops sierrensis 101 Financial Statement 79 Fossil Coleoptera 74 Fungi 75 Fungi imperfecti 68 Glyphopsyche irrorata178 Gollob - Lab Rearing Orgyia 316 Graptocorixa breweri 207 Grigarick & Schuster - A New Pilactium Grimm & Slobodchikoff - Spider Eggs 319 Grogan & Wirth - New Genus of Midges 283 Hadronema 57 Hafele & Hughes - Ametropus Behavior 260 Hardy & Andrews - Sand Dune Coleoptera 1 Harpalus 166 Hartman, et al. - Pheromone in Tipu/a 305 Hassan & Keifer - Mango Mite 185 Hemerobius 143 Hemerocampa 73 Hemiberlesia 267 Hemipepsis - 219 Hemiptera Corixidae 207, 261 Enicocephalidae 194 Miridae 57 Reduviidae 17, 323 Heppner - Homonomy of Macropia 159 - Placements of Lepidoptera genera 48 Heptagenia 311
VOL. 54, NO. 4, OCTOBER 1978 329
Hilarographa 52 Homadaula 51 Homoptera Cicadidae 69 Cicadellidae 235 Scales 267 Hrebtov - Insects in Fungi 75 Hybomitra 74 aitkeni119 burgeri 120 howdeni 121 Hymenoptera Anthophoridae 215 Formicidae 76 Megachilidae 61 Mutillidae 231 Pompilidae 215 Sphecidae 65, 215 Stephanidae 326 Vespidae 131, 215 Hypochrysa viridula 292 Hypolithus 169 Idiostatus apollo 86 goedeni 88 inermoides 90 martinellii90 Jansson - A New Graptocorixa 207 - A New Callicorixa 261 Janzen - Cicada mortality 69 Johnson - Ephemerella Larvae 19 Kimminsia 144 Kimsey - Behavior of Dynatus 65 Kritsky - Neotropical Onycylocotis 194 Lang, et al. - Dust Mites in Schools 71 Langston - Gypsy Moths 73 Latrodectes 319 Lebia 166 Lepidoptera Adelidae 77 Choreutidae 159 Copomorphidae 48 Dioptidae 73 Glyphipterigidae 48 Incurvariidae 147 Lasiocampidae 73 Lymantriidae 73, 316 Nymphalidae 73 Oecophoridae 48 Plutellidae 48 Tortricidae 48 Limonius 170 Lotisma 49 Lymantria dispar 73 Lypsimena tomentosa 30 Lytta57 Macropia 159 Malacosoma 73
Mallada (Triadochrysa) 294 triangularis 295 Manley & Taber - Mutillid Mating 231 Mari Mutt - Systematics of Mastigoceras 43 Mastigoceras camponoti43 Meyer, et al. - Stephenid Populations 326 Mictropsichia 53 Miller - Fossil Scaphinotus 74 - Hovanitz Obituary 76 Minch - Spider Egg Sacs 153 - Spider Feeding Behavior 158 Mipseltyrus levini 324 Monarthrum dentiger68 Moore - A New Aothium 155 Mycetoporus 168 Nebria 166 Neuroptera 143, 292 Nomada 217 Notices 64, 315 Notiohelea chilensis 283 Obituary - Carter 154 Obituary - Hovanitz 76 Obituary - Smyth 181 Oncylocotis annulipes 197 braziliensis 196 concolor 196 mexicanus 195 rhyparus 195 stannardi 196 Orgyia pseudotsugata 316 Orthoptera Acrididae 81, 206 Mantidae 17 Stenopelmatidae 81 Tetrigidae 81 Tettigoniidae 81 Timemidae 173 Papp C. - Homonyms of Conotrachelus 210 Papp R. - Pseudoscorpion Records 325 - High Altitude Coleptera 161 Paratriatoma17, 322 Parker - Key to Eutricharaea 61 Parthenogenesis 173 Peritapnia minima 26 pilosa 26 Pheloconus 211 Pheromone 305 Philanthus 218 Philip - Horsefly Hovering 74 - New Neotropical Tabanidae III - 114 - New Tabanidae XXV - 107 Phryganidia 73 Pilactium benedictae 9 Pilimas 74
330 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST
Pinto - Parisitization of Meloidae
by Miridae 57
Piper - Zygogramma Life History 226
Pissodes fasciatus 103 Platystethus 168 Polyphylla
anteronivea 2
avittata 1
erratica 4
monahansensis 7
pottsorum 6
speciosa 8 Proceedings 72 Psectrosciara arnaudi 33 Pseudogarypus 325 Pseudokiefferiella 225 Pseudoscorpionida 325 Pseudotapnia curticornis 28 Psychoglypha subborealis 178 Pterallastes bettyae 297 Pterostichus 166 Pterotus curticornis 157 Quedius 168 Rearing 316
Recent Literature 102, 106, 172, 214
Rentz - ANew Jimema173 - Western Orthoptera 81 Rhegmoclemina acrolophia 35 Rithrogena 314 plana 314 vitta 315
Roeper & French - Monarthrum and Symbiote
68 Rothium giulianii 155 Sand Dunes 1 Scaphinotus 74 Schiettererius 326
Scientific Notes 14, 17, 68, 69, 70, 71, 153,
159, 206, 260, 322, 325 Skiles - Larval Asemum14
Smith & Denning - Carter Obituary 154
Sosippus 158 Spilogenes 50
July issue mailed November 6, 1978
Stagmomantis iris 17 Stenopelmatus navajo 94 Stenotabanus littoreus 123 yaquiit2 Stone - Populations of Elaters 70 Swammerdamella glochis 35 Syndiamesa 257 Tabanus arnaudi 107 femoralis 115 furunculus 116 glaucomaculis 109 guatemalanus 123 oldroydi 123 rallus 111 searsi 112 subfemoralis 113 subsimilis 123 tumiscapens 115 Tanysaccus 147 Teskeyellus hirsuticornis 12 Tetrix sierrana 81 Thompson - Ptera/lastes from China 297 Tilley - Larval Chironomidae 241 Timema genevievae 174 Tipula simplex 305 Tmarus 319 Trachypachus 167 Trachyporus 168 Triadochrysa 294 Triatoma17, 322 Trichoptera 56, 178, 199 Trichotanypus 258 Tridentaforma 150 Triepeolus 215 Wagner - Species of Dolichovespula 131 Wheeler - M. Wirtner, Hemipterist 38 Willis - Smyth Obituary 181 Wirth & Blanton - New Culicoides 236 Wood - Mantids predating Reduviidae 17 - Triatoma trom S.W. 322 Zoological Nomenclature 60, 97, 160, 240 Zygogramma disrupta 226
Published by the
Pacific Coast Entomological Society
in cooperation with
The California Academy of Sciences
VOLUME FIFTY-FOUR 1978
EDITORIAL BOARD
T.D. EICHLIN and A.R. HARDY, Co-Editors E.G. LINSLEY HUGH B. LEECH E.5; ROSS H.V. DALY P.H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
1978 1979 1980 T.D. Eichlin R.M. Bohart J.A. Powell, Chairman J.D. Pinto J.G. Edwards J.T. Doyen
San Francisco, California 1978
CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 54
Adams, P.A.
New species of Hypochrysa, new subgenus and species of Ma/lada 292 Alcock, J.
Male mate-locating behavior in some bees and wasps of Arizona... 215 Allen, R.K. and Chao, E.S.M.
New species and records of Dactylobaetis ...................... 300 Allen, R.K. and Chao, E.S.M.
New species and records of Heptageniidae ..................... 311 Barr, W.F.
Taxonomy of new clerid genus Bogciafrom Mexico .............. 287 Bohart, R.M. and Irwin, M.E.
Study of stylopization in the bee genus Dufourea................. 98 a 3b eater ee ne ee. eee. Lee ee eee as SG 200 Chandler, D.S.
Anew Anthicus from California .... 0.0.0... eee 1S Chandler, D.S.
A new species of Mipsel/tyrus from California ................000, 324 Chemsak, J.A.
Review of the genus EssostruthaThomson.............. 00.00 ae ie Chemsak, J.A.
New species of Pterotus LeConte from California ................ 157 Chemsak, J.A. and Linsley, E.G.
New Neotropical Lamiinae .......... 0.0... cece eee 26 Soles sie ee a eo ee ne cay ee ee 42, 266 Davis, D.R.
Two new genera of North American incurvariine moths ........... 147
Davis, E.J. and Zack, R.S.
New host records and notes on dipterous family Aulacigastridae ... 129 Deyrup, M.A.
Notes on biology of Pissodes fasciatus and its insect associates ... 103 Deyrup, M. and Deyrup, N.
Pupation of Hemerobius in Douglas-fircones ..................., 143 Deyrup, M.A. and Gara, R.1.
Insects associated with Scolytidae in western Washington ........ 270 Drea, J.J., Jr.
Inability of young Chilocorus larvae to attack mature stage latania
AFT ee casas “AS RR tol My LBM Fk Whe NAY RE 267 Eo TSE Pel Te ota ache. ose aetictaec RORY tars lene Peele glare Se be rtliece ast arlRe aranryon Poe ae 64
Ellis , RJ. Over-winter occurrence and maturation of gonads in adult Psychoglypha subborealis and Glyphopsyche irrorata Ellis, R.J. Seasonal abundance and distribution of adult caddisflies of Sashin Creek, Baranof Island, southeastern Alaska ..................05. 199
Foster, D.E.
Goniopsita oophaga, a predator of grasshoppereggs............. 206 Gollob, S.K.
Laboratory technique for producing egg masses of Douglas-fir
TUSSOCK MOM TOMTIGIG STUGIGS oe, neds co than Wee a Herne Os 316 Grigarick, A.A. and Schuster, R.O.
A new species of Pilactiumfrom Oregon ...............0 0. eee 9 Grim, J.N. and Slobodchikoff, C.N.
Chorion surface features of Some spidereggs ................... 319 Grogan, W.L., Jr. and Wirth, W.W.
Notiohelea, anew genus of biting midges from Chile.............. 283 Hafele, R.E. and Hughes, D.
Notes on behavior of Ametropus ammophilusin Oregon .......... 260 Hardy, A.R. and Andrews, F.G.
Coleoptera of Western sand dunes: 1. Five new Polyphylia ........ |
Hartman, M.J., Surfleet, J.A. and Hynes, C.D. Aggregation pheromone in larvae of 7ipu/a simplex: Mode of action
AAT AGN GIF 811 6.601011, 9 IONS Re ee a eR ee OR A Oe ae ee ee 305 Hassan, E.F.O. and Keifer, H.H.
The mango leaf-coating mite, Cisaberoptus kenyae .............. 185 Heppner, J.B.
Transfers of some Glyphipterigidae to Oecophoridae, Copromor-
phidae, Plutellidae, and Tortricidae ............... 00.0020. ce eee 48 Heppner, J.B.
Homonymy of Macropia (Diptera: Tachinidae; Lepidoptera:
VOSS ce cP 6 Ree SN MMS bol Pare Met oy at yr Alc yond 159 Jansson, A.
A new species of Graptocorixa from Mexico ................00085 207 Jansson, A.
A new species of Callicorixa from Northwestern North America .... 241 Janzen, D.H.
Cicada (Diceroprocta apache) mortality by feeding on Nerium
eae UE s 1 a ae Me Be ORNs ee, ee ne ee Pie ee 69 Johnson, S.C.
Larvae of Eohemerella inermisand E. infrequens................. 19 Kimsey, L.S.
Nesting and male behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae .......... 65
_Kritsky, G. Neotropical species of Oncylocotis 0.00... 0. ce eee 194
Lang, J.D., Mulla, M.S., and Dungy, C.1. Housedust mites, Dermatophagoides, in elementary schools in
CARO SAS OUTIL a CMINORNEs cee wees hen. 284 wa baoates one ack ce aa 4 71 Manley, D.G. and Taber, S., Ill
Mating aggregation of Dasymutilla foxiin southern Arizona ........ 231 Mari Mutt, J.A.
Review of the genus Mastigoceras with remarks on its systematic ROSIE ora al oh aL aca ecu ANS ree ermine eee ae EE) Un mde, 43
Meyer, P.O., McKenzie, T.L., and Davis, K. Observations on Schiettererius cinctipes in white fir in Sierra
Reva CaONME i aise an. tus serene oon one whales Gat Seb en ad 326 Minch, E.W.
Notes on egg sacs of Aphonopelma chalcodes .................. 183 Minch, E.W.
Note on feeding behavior of SOSIPPUSSP. ....... 00.0... cece 158 Moore, I.
A second species of Rothium, intertidal beetle from Gulf of California 155 Papp, C.S. Corrections of homonyms in Conotrachelus, and species list for
FeO Ny HGS ean aa ac Weng sR ere Rear terpenes Sen as eK ESE ey 210 Papp, R.P.
Ecology of high altitude Coleoptera from Sierra Nevada ........... 161 Papp, R.P.
New records for pseudoscorpions from Sierra Nevada ............ O25 Parker, F.D.
Illustrated key to alfalfa leafcutter bees Eutricharaea ............. 61 Philip, C.B.
Notes on three rare species of Diachlorini in Mexico with descrip-
thons:of NeaIOtypes TOMIWOP oo 2 emer ou ot ees ele ate eae ER 11 Philip, C.B.
Hybomitra and some other new tabanine horse flies in Mexico ..... 107 Pinto, J.D.
Parasitization of blister beetles by species of Miridae ............. es Piper, G.L.
Life history of Zygogramma disruptain southeast Texas .......... 226 Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society .................. 72 PROG Weta UN -4 207 perce a tance dn) lesile pth ats 102, 106, 128, 142, 172, 214 Rentz, D.C.F.
New species and records of Western Orthoptera................. 81 Rentz, D.C.F.
A new parthenogenetic Timema from California .................. 161
Roeper, R.A. and French, J.R.J. Monarthrum dentiger and its symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella brun-
PICS ZV AAO eke te sux esti eps seep meer al oe ace eRe | eee ee! 68 Skiles, D.D.
Larval habits of Asemum caseyiand A. nitidum .................. 14 Smith, R.F. and Denning, D.G.
Obituary: Walter Carter, 1897-1977 ........ 0... eee, 154 Stone, M.W.
Population increase of Conoderus exsuland C. falli............... 70 Tilley, L.J.
Some larvae of Diamesinae and Podonominae, Chironomidae from
USF GeV ogi yn 5c a one vet pen geal Mle aen Pao hr ale Ghalgenataerh 241
Thompson, F.C. Anew Pterallastes species from China ............ 0.0. e eee 297
vi
Wagner, R.E. Dolichovespula and an addition to its known species of North POU. Nees Uae ete OL RE ee, eee a coe ee ed nee a ets he ode 131 Wheeler, A.G., Jr. Rev. Modestus Wirtner, amateur Hemipterist: Correspondence with
ee pba hl AUC ah Btn Palais meester aaah Ge eel cd Senko vA ca ane as lo aa 38 Willis, R.C.
Eugene Graywood Smyth, Ph.D. (1886-1975): Obituary and
bibliography of an: ENOMiOlOgist oi. 5.02 $44 4449 4g a eam seek eee 181 Wirth, W.W. and Blanton, F.S.
Two new species of Neotropical Culicoides .............. 0.0000, 236 Wood, S.F.
Mantids as possible predators of conenose bugs................. 14 Wood, S.F.
Triatoma captures from Neotoma dens in Southwestern United
UE Ce EAN tect Ne NTO Peep tA) LePOGAE POU We On ay Wt ge so cy a 322 /oological Nomenclature. 2 ies cs ca ees ee eat do 60, 97, 160, 240
HONORED MEMBERS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
M.H. Hatch H.B. Leech C.P. Alexander
A.E. Michelbacher R.C. Miller E.G. Linsley
THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors
Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes.
All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance.
Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor.
General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. 1370 m (4500 ft) elevation”.
Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 ¥2 x 11 inches are not acceptable.
Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet.
Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping.
First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent.
Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed.
Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu-
tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the author.
INustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm; 4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs
should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face.
Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript.
Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations.
References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the following format: Essig, E.0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212. Essig, E.0. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp.
Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological! Abstracts, 1966, 47(21):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e... . “Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted. ..”.
Proofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published.
Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society Subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer.
Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication.
1-2pp 2%-4 pp 4%-8 pp 8%-12 pp 12%-16